Digital versus Traditional media in advertising

Table of Contents Introduction Body The shift from print to online media Analogue to digital television Digital interactive media Conclusion References Introduction A radical change in the media industry is totally transforming the whole meaning of advertising. In light of this, advertising has grown from a mere sub-industry to a very critical sector in the business world. Changes in technology have drastically transformed the manner in which operations are conducted in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital versus Traditional media in advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This new wave of change has seen a rapid growth in the digital media as a way of advertising. The digital interactive forms of advertising have been availed at the very appropriate time considering the amazing rate at which globalization is affecting business operations across the world (Langdon, 1996). This essay is an a ttempt to explore into this field and see how the digital interactive media is transforming the whole concept of advertising. It seeks to delve into the commonalities and the differences that characterize the traditional forms of advertising and the digital interactive forms of advertising. This essay will therefore delve into these issues while paying greater attention to the manner in which the whole aspect of advertising is changing. Body Firstly, the traditional forms of advertising that dominated much of the last few decades include television, print and radio. These forms of advertising are considered traditional in the sense that newer methods of advertising have actually come up rendering them close to being obsolete. But really, can the digital forms totally take over the process of advertising without back up from the traditional forms? Well, that is subject to a whole range of debates. Nevertheless, it must be stated from the onset that the traditional forms of advertisin g cannot in any way be relegated into the dustbin of history as they really supplement the digital media advertising. The digital media technology has availed many options in the field of advertising that had not been seen before. Today, more than merely watching an advert on the television, one can download the information they have watched and even store it for future use. It is in light of these varieties that one feels the urge to dissect the whole concept of advertisement to see the realities that have characterized the field and recommend options to anyone seeking to launch any advertisement in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any advertisement should be designed taking in mind that consumers are inundated with a flood of information at their disposal. The modern digital forms of advertising have therefore an upper hand in this aspect compared to the traditional met hods which may not reach many people as expected (Langdon, 1995). The shift from print to online media Secondly, the world has continued to become much global as time progresses. This has seen multinational companies establish branches all across the world. The goods and services produced are therefore targeted for not only the local markets but for the whole world. This has created the need for advertisement forms that reflect of the diversity of the world and can reach all corners of the world where the goods are supposed to be utilized. The print media industry has for a long time been dominated by the newspapers as the major forms of advertising. Newspapers, however, have the disadvantage that they cannot be supplied across the whole world. A paper published in New York for instance may not be circulated past the United States. They are therefore limited by reach. However, with the advent of the internet and the radical shift that characterizes the whole sub-sector, most of thes e materials can now be accessed online by the consumers. Mobile phone technology is currently extensively used as an advertising media. The number of people reached in this case is very large considering that majority of people own cell phones. Major newspapers have today introduced online versions where readers can access all the information at the comfort of their mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). It is a common trend today for most people in the developed world to read their newspapers online other than buy the hard copies on the streets. The printed papers may therefore go out of market in a few years if the rapid adoption of technology across the world is anything to go by. It is interesting to note that the world’s population is mainly dominated by young people who are below 25. It is this same young population that extensively uses the internet. This is a clear indication in the great potential that lies in the field of online advertising.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital versus Traditional media in advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Newspapers, however, still continue to enjoy a large readership especially among the educated and in the developing world where internet is still expensive. Research shows that educational levels are a great determinant of the readership of newspapers. People who have spent much time in school tend to read newspapers more than those who have not. It is normally quite hard to change people’s behavior patterns and this has the implication of limiting advertisers on the amount of population they would wish to reach. Magazines are very popular all over the world and have become a very rich ground for reaching many consumers. They also have the advantage of reaching specific groups of people in the community. For instance, beauty magazines mostly target young women and could therefore effectively convey adver ts relating to such women. Like in newspapers, magazines have also managed to create an online presence and most of the popular magazines are presently read online in addition to the conventional printed versions. However, the online media in the case of magazines has not gained much root as in newspapers. Many people still prefer to buy their magazines in the streets and shopping outlets as opposed to reading them online. This provides a suitable ground where the advertisers can harness many opportunities (Australian Interactive Media Industry Association, 2009). Analogue to digital television Thirdly, a radical change has been seen the world of television where operations have totally been transformed. Television has been use for decades as method of advertisement. Much of that use began in the later part of the 1950s when television sets were available in entirely the whole world. Televisions sets have for a long time been in the analogue form that availed viewer with various opt ions such as the free to air TV cable TV and pay-tv. Currently a shift is occurring from the analogue to the digital television, which has come with various modifications to the interest of the viewers.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The digital form enables the viewers to access many channels and interact more. This allows people to control their viewing and hence the advertisements they get. Advertisers have seen a great opportunities in the digital television that were hitherto unavailable in the analogue. It is estimated that by 2014, 80% of television viewers in the world will be using the digital television sets (PRC,2006). This can provide a glimpse on the amount of information that will be conveyed to the people in the form of advertisements. Radio as a form of advertising is not left behind in light of the new changes that characterize the advertising industry. Even though the digital radio is still limited to only metropolitan areas in the world, it is forecasted that by 2014 it will be within reach to over half of the population in the world. Digital radio like digital television, offers interactive capabilities to the listeners. It is not just audio as in the analogue case as it combines visual abili ties to provide the listeners with additional features such as graphics, animation and slide shows. Digital radio will therefore be used to offer better advertising services to the listeners. Presently, however, the analogue radio will continue to reign supreme in advertisements. It can be seen that both the traditional and the digital forms of advertisements are actually merged up. They continue to operate as a unit by supplementing each other (Commercial Radio Australia 2009). The dissatisfaction realized from television advertising comes from the fact that at any given time, the advertiser is not sure about who is actually watching. It therefore heavily relies on a matter of chance such that if the advertiser is lucky, then the intended target will be watching. Otherwise the whole advert becomes useless. Another problem also arises out of the fact that the interests of people who watch television are not usually the same. A discomfort therefore arises when an advert that only fav ours a particular category of people comes up. Advertisements by television costs more than the interactive forms of advertising. Their use is therefore becoming more and more limited to specific products. Digital interactive media Digital interactive media is used to refer to the modern digital systems that are computer based that offer various options to the users. Such options include animation facilities, audio-visual, text and graphics (Lane, W R, King, KW Russell, JT 2005). The advertising industry has greatly benefited from the introduction of new media in the market. Large companies are currently managing multi-billion dollar projects in this field. The digital interactive media has totally revolutionized the whole process of advertising (Digital Radio Plus 2010). Advertising companies now do more than mere advertising. They have become media companies as well. The revenue these companies receive today is much higher in comparison to the earlier days when they depended on t he traditional media. The modern media, in addition to advertising, offers the consumers links through which they can purchase the products being advertised using e-commerce (The Pew Research Center for the People the Press 2006). By simply clicking a mouse, one can receive supplier at their doorstep courtesy of the new media. This revolution enables people to interact and relate to each other more and more. Such interaction further increases the number of transactions conducted between the people. That is of much concern to the advertisers who intend to increase the sale turnover. While it can be well argued that advertisements by television have continued to increase in the recent past, the impact is not substantially felt. Television channels have become so many and people can easily shift from one to another. This implies that the image of the products advertised on the various channels is not left in the minds of the viewers (Langdon, J 1995). They forget entirely everything. That is what creates the need for interactive media. Here, one can click a link on the screen to get more information about the product being advertised. Attention is therefore drawn on the particular product after which the user may opt to purchase it. The use of digital advertising is no longer experimental like it was few years ago. It is gaining root full blast. All the changes seen are actually necessitated by the fact that the consumers demands are changing. People today want mobile things, immediate and with the ability to control what they consume from the media. As such, it becomes impossible to offer such people the adverts in the traditional methods that will require one to be glued to their television sets or radio. Gone are the days when families would sit in their living rooms in the evenings with all eyes glued to the television. The manner in which broadband advertising presents itself is very compelling to the viewers. The adverts are strategically placed on the ver y sites where people frequent to obtain information. That is when the ad pops up. One is tempted to click on the link to reveal the information, which in many cases will be in the form of motion pictures and videos. Moreover, many advertisers today have the practice of offering interactive media in cases where other media is used. For instance, when reading magazines an advert will show you the specific website of the producer where you can obtain more information about the product. The same is normally seen in television where the adverts will encourage the viewers to log into the websites given on the screen to find more information about the products. Today, many advertisers have capitalized on the great use of the social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace. Thorough these sites, they can easily reach millions of consumers that frequent them. They also take advantage of the fact that majority of the people who use the sites are young. It is therefore common to see adverts about products used by young people frequently popping up on the screens when one is logged in (Langdon, J 1996). Several multinationals have heavily invested on the interactive advertising methods and are gradually shunning the traditional ways. The giant consumable goods manufacturer Proctor Gamble has indeed been ahead in adopting broad broadband adverts for its products that are available all over the world. The company has realized that young people shun traditional adverts and is therefore investing heavily in online ads to reach millions of youth across the globe. An average person in America is bombarded with so many advertisements in a single day. This flood of information ranges from billboards to adverts in subway trains. The avalanche of such information may not therefore have any lasting impression on the minds of the population. As such, better ways have to be sought to create adverts that may leave a lasting image on the mind s of the people and compel them to buy the products. That is where the interactive media comes in handy. It is therefore impressive to note that many advertisers have adopted this option. Even though the internet still accounts for only a small percentage of the total adverts in the world, many companies are beginning to join the bandwagon. It has bee realized that the internet may not be very efficient in the case of a new product that is still trying to build a brand name. Nevertheless, it can widely be used for entirely all products that are used in the world. Studies have further indicated that the next 5 years will see tremendous changes in the advertising industry, more than what has been realized in the last 50 years. This is courtesy of the better forms of advertising, increasingly educated, empowed consumers, and better advertisers who manage the whole scene quite well. The popularity of the digital media is not only gaining predominance out of its superior quality but as well as the lower costs associated with it (Australian Government, 2011). Every supplier in the market wants to minimize the costs involved in the operations.IBM for instance has managed to reduce its expenses on advertisement by 20 percent in the last four years (Russel,2005 and Pew Research Center 2010). This is because of the tireless effort by the company to invest heavily in the digital media advertisement. A survey of 1500 consumers and 50 advertising experts reveals very interesting outcomes about the manner in which the advertising industry behaves (Journalism.org,2010). Certain market drivers that determine the success of all the adverts that are posted in the market govern the industry. One such driver is the consumer choice and control. The report indicated that consumers mostly prefer advertisement media that give them the ability to control and manage whatever they view or hear (Magazines.org, 2010). As a result, it implies that they actually prefer the digital methods that offer them such abilities. Another det erminant in the market is creativity. It should be remembered that the advertisement industry is very dynamic and it therefore demands only those who can come up with better and improved ideas every day. It does not give room for those boring daily adverts that were often heard on radio and seen on televisions sets a few years ago. Conclusion The digital interactive forms of advertisement that are cropping up currently are actually the sure way of staying competitive in the increasingly competitive market that is characterized by globalization and other market changes seen across the world. The digital forms are certainly better in terms of giving the customers variety and giving the advertisers an opportunity to track the response of the market to the goods being advertised. However, the traditional forms continue to supplement these new methods. They go hand in hand in giving the consumer the best they can have. It is therefore important that both the forms be adopted for the succ ess of any business. References Australian Government n.d., Popular Australian television, Culture Portal. Web. Australian Interactive Media Industry Association (AIMIA) 2009, ‘Digital Services Index TM’. Web. Commercial Radio Australia 2009, ‘FAQs’. Web. Digital Radio Plus 2010. Web. Journalism.Org 2010, How internet and cell phone users have turned news into a social experience, PEW Research Center. Web. Lane, W R, King, KW Russell, JT 2005, Advertising procedure, 16th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Langdon, J 1996, ‘The history of radio in Australia: excerpts from a lecture given by Dr Jeff Langdon’, Radio 5UV. Web. Langdon, J 1995, ‘A history of community broadcasting,’ Radio Adelaide. Web. Magazines.org, ‘What you need, when you need it’. Web. Pew Research Center 2010, State of the news media 2010, Pew Research Center Publications. Web. The Pew Research Center for the People the Press 2006, Online papers modest ly boost newspaper readership, PEW survey reports. Web. This essay on Digital versus Traditional media in advertising was written and submitted by user Brody L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004

The Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004 A minute before 8 oclock in the morning local time, a colossal earthquake began to shake the northern part of Sumatra and the Andaman Sea to its north. Seven minutes later a stretch of the Indonesian subduction zone 1200 kilometers long had slipped by an average distance of 15 meters. The moment magnitude of the event was eventually estimated as 9.3, making it one of the largest recorded earthquakes since seismographs were invented around 1900. The shaking was felt throughout southeastern Asia and caused devastation in northern Sumatra and in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. The local intensity reached IX on the 12-point Mercalli scale in the Sumatran capital of Banda Aceh, a level that causes universal damage and widespread collapse of structures. Though the intensity of shaking did not reach the maximum on the scale, the motion lasted for several minutes- the duration of shaking is the main difference between magnitude 8 and 9 events. A large tsunami triggered by the earthquake spread outward from off the Sumatran coast. The worst part of it washed away whole cities in Indonesia, but every country on the shore of the Indian Ocean was also affected. In Indonesia, some 240,000 people died from the quake and tsunami combined. About 47,000 more people died, from Thailand to Tanzania, when the tsunami struck without warning during the next few hours. This earthquake was the first magnitude-9 event to be recorded by the Global Seismographic Network (GSN), a worldwide set of 137 top-grade instruments. The nearest GSN station, in Sri Lanka, recorded 9.2 cm of vertical motion without distortion. Compare this to 1964, when the machines of the World Wide Standardized Seismic Network were knocked off scale for hours by the March 27 Alaskan quake. The Sumatra earthquake proves that the GSN network is robust and sensitive enough to use for expanded tsunami detection and warnings if the right resources can be spent on supporting instrumentation and facilities. The GSN data includes some eye-popping facts. At every spot on Earth, the ground was raised and lowered at least a full centimeter by the seismic waves from Sumatra. The Rayleigh surface waves traveled around the planet several times before dissipating. Seismic energy was released at such long wavelengths that they were a substantial fraction of the Earths circumference. Their interference patterns formed standing waves, like the rhythmic oscillations in a large soap bubble. In effect, the Sumatra earthquake made the Earth ring with these free oscillations like a hammer rings a bell. The notes of the bell, or normal vibrational modes, are at extremely low frequencies: the two strongest modes have periods of about 35.5 and 54 minutes. These oscillations died out within a few weeks. Another mode, the so-called breathing mode, consists of the whole Earth rising and falling at once with a period of 20.5 minutes. This pulse was detectable for several months afterward. (A startling paper by Cinna Lomnitz and Sara Nilsen-Hopseth suggests that the tsunami was actually powered by these normal modes.) IRIS, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, has compiled scientific results from the Sumatra earthquake on a special page with plenty of background  information. The U.S. Geological Survey also offers a number of beginner and non-technical resources about the quake. At the time, commentators from the scientific community decried the absence of a tsunami warning system in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, 40 years after the Pacifics system began. That was a scandal. But a greater scandal was the fact that so many people, including thousands of supposedly well-educated first-world citizens who were there on vacation, just stood there and died as the clear signs of disaster arose before their eyes. That was a failure of education. A video about the 1998 New Guinea tsunami- was all it took to save the lives of a whole village in Vanuatu in 1999. Just a video! If each school in Sri Lanka, each mosque in Sumatra, each TV station in Thailand had shown such a video once in a while, what would the story have been instead that day?

The practices of Human Resource Management in the organization Research Paper

The practices of Human Resource Management in the organization - Research Paper Example Methods of study For this study, the HR department was explored in detail in terms of understanding its core activities, practices and its position in overall organizational setup. This was done through personal interviews conducted with HR personnel as well as managers in other departments like finance, technology, operations and facilities. These questions were aimed at understanding the goals and objectives of HR team and their relationship with organizational objectives. In a top-down approach the general information related to HR function was gathered in a manner that paved way to put forth questions to assess the effectiveness of these practices as well as the HR function. Interviews: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with managers from core departments within the organization, which included the HR, technology, operations, facilities and finance teams. These interviews were semi-structured to allow further inquiry based on the responses from managers, which was extremely helpful to obtain individual insight and experiences related to contribution and involvement of HR personnel Questionnaire: Based on the responses from the interviews, a small questionnaire was prepared to assess the effectiveness of HR practices and their impact on overall employee wellbeing and progress. The questionnaires were graded on Likert scale, in which respondents graded their experience on a scale from 1 to 5. The responses to these questions will help in eliciting objective as well as subjective information that will highlight overall performance and effectiveness of HR function. 3. Findings: Findings from both interviews and questionnaires were interpreted in terms of basic HR functions. i). Acquisition: Interview with the HR manager highlighted the role of HR in... From this research it is clear that the human resource management plays a significant role in sustaining organizational performance through acquisition, motivation, maintenance and development of human resources of the organization. These goals are accomplished through specific policies, procedures and practices framed by the HR function. In order to successfully accomplish these goals, the HR function has to be actively involved in strategic planning processes with all other departments, as well as oversee implementation of these policies and procedures. For this, it is important that HR personnel work closely with other departments/functions at the ground level in order to assess the effectiveness of HR-related strategies and identify the issues and gaps. Based on the study conducted in the IT firm explained in present context, HR department plays similar role at strategic level; however, its involvement has to be intensified at implementation level by partnering with each departme nt. The HR department’s role has to be extended from strategic planning level to implementation process in order to accomplish organizational goals with respect to human resources, such as improved employee motivation, commitment, morale and continuous learning and developmental opportunities. Though the HR is already involved in accomplishing these goals, its practices have to be modified to achieve better and long-lasting outcomes related to these goals.

Senior Paper on Building an Hacintosh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Senior Paper on Building an Hacintosh - Essay Example The reason as to why this question is important is because there are several OS that people and companies have come up with, and which can be used interchangeably to ensure that the machines are compatible and can work effectively. The aim of the study will be to give information on the different reasons as to why different people and institutions use different OS instead of using the common OS from Apple. Before conducting the research, I knew that there existed several OS that have been hacked and most of them if not all are being used today. What I want to discover after the study is the reasons as to why people consider using the OS that have been hacked instead of using the OS from Apple that is considered real and proper. One of the reasons why people use different OS is because of the security that they find in using one type of the Operating System. People have a belief that the operating system they chose to use has a big probability of providing protection and security to t he files which have been stored in the computer (Chaubal 117). They believe a certain Operating System can be able to protect information that has been put in place by the users and thus view it as advantage of using the Operating System instead of the others which have been built to serve the same purpose. The government for example have their computers and machines used by several users, and have they may opt to use an Operating System that is not the same as that which an individual user may use. This is because the many different users who use the government facilities machines may tamper with the information that another person may have saved in the machine. There are systems which have been developed, and they cannot detect some of the viruses that come along with the surfing process. Therefore, people are coming up with various ways in which they are able to built operating systems that have trusted computing base that has software which provide security to the machines (Jaeg er 6). The Trusted Computing Base in the operating system depends on its level, which can either be formally verified, tested fully or which the community accepts and trusts to be effective. There are people who use the formally verified system because they believe that they can be able to protect their data which is stored in the computers (Franklin and Coustan 1). Each security problem should be accessed by the process which is allowed to do so. It means that the operating system is able to perform each of the functions needed to ensure that the problems occurring in any of the machines used can be well accessed and solved using the proper operating system (Spring 3). Some people view operating systems to have different capabilities of solving problems and thus this is the reason as to why they use different operating systems. Another reason as to why people choose one operating system over the other is the cost incurred in purchasing and installing the system into the computer. P eople and companies use the operating systems that reduce on the total cost incurred in using that specific operating system. Those people and companies who have fewer resources look for cheaper operating systems. Other institutions which have resources and lots of money such as government institutions will not mind giving in extra costs to get and purchase a fancy operating system (Bekman 1). Some of the

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND HIV CO-INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN ZARIA, NORTHERN NIGERIA ABSTRACT Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition have been linked to Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic pregnant women and their HIV status in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study, using a proforma to obtain demographic and reproductive health information from consenting pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Vaginal swab and blood samples was taken and analysed for Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS V17 with p value of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%.There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). The 26- 30 years age group had the highest prevalence of both HIV infection (5.0%) and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (5.8%); strongly suggesting the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. The relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection was 4. (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). Conclusion: Improvement of the socioeconomic status and education of women especially sexual health; will reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co-infection. Keywords: Pregnancy, Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV infection INTRODUCTION Trichomonas vaginalis has continued to cause serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition1 The magnitude of social and economic consequences of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries has made it a major public health problem. 2, 3 STIs are also found in pregnant women and the prevalence is higher in Africa causing significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. 3-5 Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular flagellate protozoan organisms that cause STI.6 Many STIs including those due to Trichomonas, can be transmitted to the fetus via transplacental spread or by passage through the birth canal and via lactation to the neonate. 6 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and other Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) have been associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes which includes abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight, postpartum sepsis, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal blindness congenital infection. 2-5, 7 Recent research has shown that having one untreated STI increases the risk of contracting another potentially more dangerous one, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection if there is exposure. 8, 9Trichomoniasis in pregnancy has been reported to impacts adversely on birth outcomes and is also a co-factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. 10, 11 Clinical infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in the neonate is an unusual occurrence and has been reported in a two weeks old girl child presenting with vaginal discharge with complete resolution to metronidazole treatment.12 Due to high frequency of the infection during pregnancy and the development of metronidazole-resistant isolates, therapeutic alternatives to 5-nitroimidazole are being searched like Triterpenes; which are natural products presenting several biological activities such as anti-protozoal activity.13 The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infections are typically underestimated due to poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests.6 However, the World Health Organization (WHO) quoted the overall prevalence as 3.1%.6, 14 In Nigeria the prevalence observed in an Enugu study was 6.9%; 15 4.7% was seen in Ilorin16 and 29.8% in Lagos.17 In the sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Trichomoniasis has neither been the focus of intensive study nor of active control programs, and this neglect is likely a function of the relatively mild nature of the disease. 18 This study explored the rate of Trichomonas infection in pregnancy as well as the level of co-infection with HIV with a view to adding to the growing body of literature and suggests control measures. METHODOLOGY This was a cross sectional study which was conducted over a three month period. Questionnaires were used to obtain the socio-demographic and reproductive profile from consenting clients who were attending antenatal clinic for the first time in their current pregnancy at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northern Nigeria. High vaginal swabs and blood specimens for both Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV were obtained and analysed. The data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 17.0 for windows. The level of significance was considered to be p-value Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection was determined using the Epi-Info software. RESULTS A total of 120 women consented for the study. The socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the patients are as shown in Table 1.0. The mean age was 28.5 + 2.3years, mean gravidity was 3.5 and 20 weeks was the average gestational age at booking. The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%. The 26-30 years age groups having a value of 5.8% which was closely followed by age group 21-25years with 5.0%. The lowest prevalence was found at age group 36-40years. Low level of education is shown to have a positive impact on the acquisition of vaginal Trichomonas vaginalis. Clients having low level of education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis; 7.5% was seen in those with Koranic (non-formal) education. The prevalence was however lowest in those who had tertiary education 1.7%.- The highest prevalence was seen in clients who were housewives (10.5%); students and civil servants had the lowest prevalence of 1.7% and 2.5% respectively. Mutigravidae are more likely than primigravidae to have Trichomonas vaginalis infection (15.0% vs. 4.1%). The prevalence was observed to be highest in the second trimester (10.8%) as compared to the first and third trimester which were 5.0% and 3.3% respectively. The frequency distribution of HIV status in the study population among the consenting client is shown in Table 2.0. Sixteen out of 98 were positive for HIV giving a prevalence of 16.3%. Figure 1.0 shows the percentage distribution of HIV by client’s age group. It was observed that HIV was more prevalent in age group 26-30years (5.0%) and was least prevalent in the older age group of 36-40years (0.8%). The relationship between the occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection is shown in a two by two table (Table 2.0). DISCUSSION The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis found in this study was 19.2%. The World Health Organization quoted a prevalence of between 3.0- 3.1%6, 14, 19, but added that there was under reporting of the infection. Prevalence rates as high as 29.8% was found in Lagos, Nigeria 17 16.0% was seen in Mwanza, Tanzania20 and a lower rate of 4.7% and 6.9% were found in Ilorin, Nigeria 16 and Enugu, Nigeria15 respectively. A prevalence of 3.7% was seen in a study in Togo.21 Our result compares with that of Tanzania. In the age related prevalence, the study showed a steady increase in prevalence between ages of 16 to 30years, with the highest rate of 5.8% occurring in the age group 26-30years. This may suggest an increasing sexual activities along the age line considering the fact that Trichomonas vaginalis is sexually transmitted. This can also probably explain the decline in prevalence in the older age group with lowest rate of 0.8% at age group 35-40years. There is however a slight variation with the Enugu study which found the highest age related prevalence of 3.7% among the age group 20-25years. There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). This was consistent with findings in Enugu and Ilorin where low level of education was associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Formal education is associated with improvement in personal hygiene and sexual behavior. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was highest among housewives and least among students; this was unlike the Enugu study that found the highest prevalence to be among the business group. The sociocultural backgrounds of the two environment relatively differs and the lack formal education among housewives in our environment can be a predisposing factor to the acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. There appears to be a relationship between parity, trimester of pregnancy and infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Previous pregnancies was recorded in the literature to be a risk factor.10 This study showed a higher prevalence rate among the multigravidae as compared to primigravidae. The prevalence was highest in the second trimester of pregnancy as compared to other trimesters. This findings was similar that of Cotch et al4 in their study of vaginal infections and prematurity; where Trichomonas vaginalis infection was commonest in mid gestation. The mean age at booking was 20 weeks showing that most women were seen in the second trimester when Trichomonas vaginalis infection was more likely to be present. The prevalence of HIV infection in this study was 16.8% which was higher than the national average of 3.4% and Kaduna state average of 9.2%. 22 This may be explained by the fact that most of the clients were in their reproductive years and the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria was a major referral center for the Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Northern Nigeria. Both HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis infection were highest in the age group 26-30 years; this was strongly suggestive of the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. There was a four times relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Routine screening for STIs like Trichomonas vaginalis during antenatal period should be the standard of care because of its proven benefits on the outcome of pregnancy. Metronidazole which is the treatment option when found, is a cheap, readily available and safe in pregnancy. Additionally, screening for HIV co-infection will add value to healthcare services in the antenatal clinic. Improvement of the socioeconomic status and formal education in women especially sexual health and lifestyle modification is likely to reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co infection. REFERENCE: Coleman JS, Gaydos CA, Witter F. Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice: New Concepts and Controversies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Jan 2013; 68(1): 43–50. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d Begum A, Nilufar S, Akther K, Rahman A, Khatun F, Rahman M. Prevalence of selected reproductive tract infections among pregnant women attending an urban maternal and childcare unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003; 21: 112-6. Muelen J, Mgaya HN, Chang-Claude J, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection in gynaecological inpatients in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1988-1990. East Afr Med J 1992; 69: 688-92. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG, Nugent RP: Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery.The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis 1997 Jul; 24(6): 353-60 Shuter J, Bell D, Graham D, Holbrook KA, Bellin EY. Rates of and risk factors for trichomoniasis among pregnant inmates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25: 303-7. Richard Gentry Wilkerson, et al. Trichomoniasis via http/eMedicine emergency medicine>infectious disease. Accessed March 20 2008, 1430hrs. Sebitloane HM, Moodley J, Esterhuizen TM. Pathogenic lower genital tract organisms in HIV-infected and uninfected women, and their association with postpartum infectious morbidity. S Afr Med J. 2011 Jun 27; 101(7):466-9. Ament, L. A. and E. Whalen (1996). â€Å"Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy: diagnosis, impact, and intervention.† J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 25(8): 657-66. Borchardt, K. A. (1994). â€Å"Trichomoniasis: its clinical significance and diagnostic challenges.† Am Clin Lab 13(9): 20-1. Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al. Non- ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993; 7: 95-102. Sorvillo F, Smith L., Kerndt P, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV and African-Americans. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:927-32 (Medline). Irving S D, James M S et al; Neonatal T. Vaginalis infection. Journal of Emergency Medicine; vol 13 issue 1 Jan – Feb 1995. 51-54 Innocente AM, Vieira PB, Frasson AP, Casanova BB, Gosmann G, Gnoatto SC, Tasca T. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity from triterpenoid derivatives. Parasitol Res. 2014 Aug; 113(8):2933-40. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3955-0. Madeline S et al Trichomoniasis highly prevalent in US black women clin infec dis 2007; 45:1319-1325 Chigozie J. U, Cletus D. C. U., Ali, Mirian A. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in South – Eastern Nigeria; a public health importance. The internet Journal of obstetrics and gynecology accessed 20th April 2008. Aboyeji AP, Nwabuisi C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 23: 637-9. Oladele TO et al, Reliance on microscopy in T. Vaginalis Diagnosis and prevalence in female presenting with vaginal discharge in Lagos Nigeria.eMedicine on pubmed accessed 20 August 2008 2100Hrs Ogunjobi BO, Osola AO; Trichomonal Vagintis in Nigerian Women; Tropical Geographic Medicine 1984 36(1): 67-70. WHO: Trichomoniasis. Available at: http://www.who.int. Mayaud P, Uledi E, Cornelissen J, et al. Risk scores to detect cervical infections in urban antenatal clinic attenders in Mwanza, Tanzania. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74 Suppl 1: S139-46. Tchelougou DI, Karou DS, Kpotsra A, Balaka A, Assih M, Bamoke M, Katawa G, Anani K, Simpore J, de Souza C. Vaginal infections in pregnant women at the Regional Hospital of Sokode (Togo) in 2010 and 2011. Med Sante Trop. 2013 Jan-Mar;23 (1):49-54. doi: 10.1684/mst.2013.0142. Federal Ministry of Health [Nigeria] (2013). National HIV AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey, 2012 (NARHS Plus). Federal Ministry of Health Abuja, Nigeria. Pp 40-42. 1

Nickel Base Super Alloys For Aerospace Materials Engineering Essay

A ace metal, high public presentation metal is an metal which exhibits first-class mechanical strength and weirdo opposition and besides have good corrosion and oxidization opposition. Super metal typical have a matrix with face centered three-dimensional crystal construction. A Ace metal base debasing component is nickel, Co, or nickel-iron. In Earlier 1950 ‘s unstained steel is used as a ace metal. Super metal growing that has quickly improved both on chemical and processing of that which led to rapid growing in aerospace, industrial gas turbine and marine turbine industry. In which nickel base ace metal are used in the readying of the turbine blades which can defy long clip at the elevated temperatures for the betterment of the public presentation of the turbine. Desirable features of high temperature ace metals: 1. Nickel basal metal should hold ability to defy lading at an operating temperatures near to the thaw point. 2. It has significant opposition to mechanical debasement over the drawn-out period of clip ( immune to crawl ) . 3. It should digest terrible runing environments ( immune to corrosive atmosphere ) .Chemical composing and Microstructure of Nickel base super alloys.Earlier Ni-based ace metal was derived from metals incorporating add-ons of chromium, copper, carbon monoxide and fe.With belongingss superior to that of chromium steel steels as these individual stage Ni-base metal exhibits good high temperature strength and corrosion opposition. As rigorous demands of the quickly developing aerospace industry. To better the above desirable features of the ace alloys aluminium add-ons to be added to individual stage nickel base super alloys to bring forth two stage microstructure to organize ordered ?1 matrix distributed within a broken ? matrix. In the stage diagram as the Al degrees typically at about 18 atomic % and staying 70-80 % as Ni. As the big emphasiss are required for the disruption of the ?1precipitates to boot shearing of the precipitates the ordination of the ?1 precipitates requires the formation of the anti stage boundary. As the big emphasis required for orowan obeisance and the shearing of the precipitates. So, these cubelike crystals of the secondary stage are highly effectual in suppressing the mobility of the disruptions. And besides improves the weirdo belongingss at the temperatures from 700-10000c.As the high temperature belongingss of Ni-base super metals are: Ni has a face centered three-dimensional crystal construction with high thaw temperature which makes it malleable and tough.Ni is stable in Fcc crystal construction from room temperature to its runing point. so there is no stage alteration and diffusion rates in Ni are low which improves microstructure stableness at elevated temperatures. As the misfit between the ? and ?1 precipitates will alter the microstructure under the influence of th e emphasis as this is controlled by changing the chemical composings and treating conditions. As in the Ni base ? – ?1 precipitates the strength and weirdo opposition has been increased by developing some technology solutions to get the better of the restrictions. The major debasing elements that should be added to Ni base metals are Al, Ni, Ti and Nb as the add-on of these tend to divider of preferentially to intermetallic ?1 precipitates. Co add-on provides solid solution beef uping but is chiefly added to modify the ?1 solvus temperatures. And other debasing add-ons are Re, W, Mo, V, Cr and Pt group metals are added to beef up to both solid ? and ?1 precipitates at elevated temperatures. As the Al and Cr both are added to beef up the Ni-base metals but depending upon the belongingss required should be added for one peculiar set of belongingss. The minor debasing elements such as B, C, Zr and Hf, were added ensuing in the formation of the carbides and on occasion borides at the grain boundary. As the C atoms exhibit high affinity for the elements such as Hf, Zr, Ta and Ti, Nb, tungsten, Mo, V and Cr, the bulk of carbides in Ni-base metal is metal atom carbides may precipitate from liquid during hardening. As the carbides may impact the weariness belongingss of the stuff the presence of the distinct carbide at the grain boundary inhibits the sliding and harm during the weirdo.Creep behavior of Ni-based metals:Creep is the distortion under the influence of emphasiss at elevated temperature. Creep is the clip dependent, inelastic and irrerecoverable distortion. Creep is more terrible in stuffs subjected to heat for a long periods. As creep ever increases with temperature. The rate of distortion of the stuff depends upon the stuff belongingss, clip, temperature and applied emphasis. See the blades of the turbines as the weirdo of the blade is to reach the shell, ensuing in the failure of the blade. Creep does non happen all of a sudden like brickle stuffs as it is a clip dependent distortion. The phases of the weirdo are in the primary phase strain rate is comparatively high, but slows with increasing strain this is due to work hardening, in the secondary phase the strain rate finally reaches minimal and becomes changeless and in the concluding phase strain additions quickly because of the necking phenomena. General creep equations: d?/dt = C?m/db e-q/kt Where ? is the weirdo strain, C is changeless dependant on the stuff, ? is the applied emphasis, m and B are the advocates depend on weirdo is the grain size, K is Boltzmann ‘s invariable. There are 3 types of weirdo:Dislocation weirdo:Dislocation weirdo of the stuff is the motion of the disruptions through the crystal lattice. It causes fictile distortion of the single crystals at the terminal of the stuff. d?/dt = A?ne-q/ktNabarro-herring weirdo:Nabarro-herring weirdo is a signifier of diffusion weirdo in which atoms migrate within the grain boundary to stretch grain along the emphasis axis. At higher temperatures the diffusivity additions due to the direct temperature dependance of the equation, the addition in the vacancy through defect formation, an addition in the mean energy of the atoms in the stuff.Coble weirdo:Coble weirdo is besides one of the diffusion controlled weirdo as the atoms diffuse along the grain boundary which produces a net flow of the stuff and a sliding of the grain boundaries.Defects in crystals:a – interstitial dross atom in the crystal lattice b – Edge disruption in the crystal c – Self interstitial atom of the stuff d – Vacancy in the lattice construction e – Precipitate of dross atoms f – Vacancy disruption of the cringle g – Interstitial disruption in the cringle h – Substitution dross atom in the stuffDislocations:Dislocation is a 1-D defect as the lattice is merely disturbed along the disruption line. The disruption of the crystal may be generated due to some vacancies, point defects, interstitial drosss in the crystal lattice.Edge Dislocation:The motion of the disruption moves the crystal from one side relation to the other. In the figure below the left figure shows the shutting of the disruption crystal. And the right figure shows same concatenation of base vectors in a perfect mention lattice and the circuit does non shut the vector which closes the circuit is called Burgers vector which represents the disruption of the crystal.Screw disruption:The atomic representation of the screw disruption is complicated and still Burgers vector is possible to stand for the disruption. If we move on the circuit of the disruption it will travel in a handbill like a prison guard. So, this is called as prison guard disruption as the Burgers vector does non alterations in both the disruptions but there is a alteration in the mark convention depending upon the clockwise and anti clock rotary motion of the vectors along the circuit.Defects in the gamma premier stage:The defects in the gamma premier stage undergo 3 types of defects they are 1. Planar defects 2. Line defects 3. Point defects As the defects the Ni and Al atoms, when bonded together an interface boundary known as the anti-phase boundary offprints Ni-Ni and Al-Al bonds as the figure of Ni-Al bonds near the APB is well reduced. In the line defects the stage dissociate into partial disruptions. In the point defects as the compositional scope of Al is 23 to 27 % .Thus, merely little divergences causes the point defects.Strengthening in nickel base metals:The mechanical belongingss of the Ni based alloys depend on the province of microstructure, chemical composing and processing conditions. As the disruptions of the stuff is reduced by some beef uping mechanisms to increase the hardness and strength. Work hardening: Solid solution strengthening/alloying: In this mechanism the solute atoms of one component are added to another, ensuing in either significant or interstitial point defects. The solute atoms cause lattice deformations that impede disruption gesture. The emphasis required to travel disruptions in the stuff is: ? = Gbc1/2?3/2 Where degree Celsius is the solute concentration and ? is the strain on the stuff caused by solutePrecipitation Hardening:In most metals, 2nd stage can be precipitated from matrix in solid province. The atoms that compose the 2nd stage precipitates act as traping points in a similar mode to solutes. The disruptions in a stuff can interact with the precipitate atoms in one of two ways. If the precipitate atoms are little, the disruptions would cut through them. If larger precipitate atoms, looping or obeisance of the disruptions would happen. For atom looping/bowing ? = Gb/L-2r For atom film editing ? = r/bLGrain boundary strengthening:In metals grain size has enormous influence on the mechanical belongingss. Because grains normally have changing crystallographic orientations, grain boundary arises. The emphasis required to travel a disruption from one grain to another in order to plastically deform a stuff depends on the grain size. The mean figure of disruptions per grain lessenings with mean grain size.Processing of individual crystal Nickel based metals:Hardening theory:Equations for growing:Hardening is a physical alteration from liquid province to solid province of the stuff. As the heat transportation from the system to the milieus. In general, the composing of solid should be different from that of the liquid with an impure stuff will besides necessitate conveyance of solute. The regulating equations for the diffusion of heat and solute is I = S for solid and L for liquid, Ci =solute concentration in stage I, Ti = temperature in stage I, Di= solute diffusion coefficient in stage I, ? = Thermal diffusion coefficient, At the interface between solid and liquid Ts1 = TL1 = TI TI = Temperature of solid/liquid interface. CsI = kCL1 K = distribution coefficientSolute under chilling:This is the equation under chilling due to the presence of the solute in the stuff. The composing of the liquid at the interface, CL1 will in general will be different from the majority composing. If the stuff is pure ( ?Ts = 0 )Curvature under chilling, ?T?T? = ?â€Å" ( 1/R1+1/R2 ) â€Å" = Gibbs Thomson coefficient. R1, R2 = rule radii of curvature As the Gibbs Thomson consequence arise due to the extra energy associated with the formation of a solid/liquid interface.Kinetic under chilling ?Tk:Growth of stage is a non equilibrium procedure during the procedure atoms gain energy between liquid and solid and a net transportation of atom will merely happen. As the drive force through the under chilling is known as kinetic under chilling.Interface construction:The interface construction is dependent on the solid/liquid interface bonding. The growing of the interface may be of two types.1. Faceted growing:In faceted growing the crystals are bonded by angular surfaces turning to crystallographic plane. As the substances exhibit complex crystal construction and way bonding.2. Non-Faceted growing:There is similarity between constructions, denseness and bonding in the solid and liquid interface. The dynamicss is independent of crystal orientation and the interface between the two stages will be more gradual and it becomes automatically unsmooth.Hardening of pure stuffs:For pure stuffs the above solute equations are non important. As in the under chilling for the pure stuffs ?Ts = 0.There stableness of the solid/liquid interface for pure stuffs will be dependent on the conditions of growing. There are two methods1. Columnar ( or ) directional hardening:In the directional hardening heat is extracted through the solid in the opposite way to the growing way.2. Equiaxed hardening:The heat extracted through the under cooled liquid into which the free crystals are turning. As the disturbance in the hardening forms spherical interface. Heat rejected is more the spherical interface will ever be unstable.Hardening of Binary metals:Directional hardening of binary metals for two-dimensional interface:The growing produced by easy traveling liquid specimen from a furnace. It is known as directional hardening. For two-dimensional interface, ?Tr =0 and the equilibrium at the interface ?Tk =0.Therfore the under chilling and compos ings at the interface will be given equilibrium. For the hardening of the metal three instances are to be considered. A Typical stage diagram of a two component metal.1. Complete commixture in liquid, none in solid:This is practically merely possible when either the specimen length is really little or if a convective commixture in the liquid. The solute rejected by each little volume of the solid to organize distributed equally throughout the staying liquid.2. No convection diffusion in liquid, none in solid:This state of affairs occurs in thin specimen, gravitation stabilised or infinite experiment. Hardening begins with an initial transient during which an enriched solute boundary bed builds up in front of the solid/liquid interface.3. Partial commixture by convection in liquid:In this method presume a dead boundary bed of width in front of the solid/liquid interface in which conveyance occurs by diffusion merely. Outside this bed there is a complete commixture in the liquid.Columnar and Equiaxed grain construction:Equiaxed grain construction: The heat is extracted through the under chilling liqui d. The temperature at the tip of the dendrite is negative. This is besides known as stray growing or unconstrained growing. The commanding parametric quantity for the growing speed is merely the under chilling Columnar grain construction: The heat is extracted through the solid in the opposite way to the growing way. The temperature at the tip of the dendrites is positive. It has constrained growing because the speed is fixed.Investing casting for individual crystal turbine blades:Investing casting is besides known as low wax casting. This procedure is one of the oldest fabrication procedures. It can be used to do the parts that can non be produced by normal fabricating technique such as turbine blades and high temperature aerospace stuffs. The cast is made up of form utilizing wax or some other stuff that can be melted off. This wax form is dipped in the furnace lining slurry, which coats the wax. This is dried and the procedure of dunking in the slurry and drying is repeated until a robust thickness is achieved. After the full form is placed in the oven and the wax is melted off. The stuff used for the slurry dwelling of binder and a mixture of aluminum oxide, ziricon and silicon oxide followed by stuccoing. The mold therefore produced can be used straight for the light casting. A conventional diagram of investing casting procedure Grain boundary picker:Growth of individual crystal metal utilizing grain picker:The blades of individual grain construction is achieved by directional hardening combined with a coiling grain picker with cylindrical base seed as in projecting metalworkss, the block is placed at the underside of the mold. The mold is withdrawn from the furnace to turn the blade. Several grains nucleated with the starter block can turn into a coiling transition manner and most of them will be eliminated and merely one grain survives during the growing. If the hardening in the organic structure starts from a individual crystal. As the grain orientation optimisation and a coiling grain picker easing dendrite ramification to guarantee that merely individual grain finally survives at the top of the seedDirectional hardening in investing casting:In the directional hardening to turn columnar grains the heat should be extracted through the solid, in the opposite way to the growing way. For Ni-base metals, the most rapid dendrite growing way is selected as the long axis for the blades.

Bluebells of Scotland

Bluebells of Scotland â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland† is a piece written and composed in the late romantic era around 1899 by Arthur Pryor. The piece was composed from a traditional Scottish folk song for the trombone and orchestral accompaniment. In the late 1800s the trombone was not viewed as an instrument that could perform particularly difficult pieces. Compelled by society’s negative opinion of the trombone, Pryor composed â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland† in order to display the capabilities of the trombone and to emphasize that it could play very difficult pieces.This piece is a little more upbeat and physical than other pieces of the same time period, but what makes this piece particularly unique is that it is the only piece with a high level of difficulty for trombone that was composed in the time of its conception. The piece is intended to be accompanied by an orchestra but can be played with piano accompaniment as well. The characteristics of this piece are v ery dynamic and free. The expressivity of the piece is left up to the interpretation of the performer which allows for a large amount of freedom and creativity.There are quite a few cadences that allow the performer to take control of tempo and dynamics. â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland† includes both very slow and lyrical passages as well as many very quick and difficult runs, double-tonguing, octave jumps, lips slurs, and a vast amount of high register notes. The introduction of the piece begins with a triumphant cadence peaking at a high register C, which slowly decays into a very lyrical melodic sequence that takes the shape of the original lyrics, which read: â€Å"Oh where, tell me where, is your highland laddie gone?Oh where, tell me where, is your highland laddie gone? He's gone with streaming banners where noble deeds are done. And it's oh! in my heart I wish him safe at home. † The piece then moves into a much more difficult technical variation of the original mel ody and progressively builds in speed until the also very triumphant ending. Around the time the then eighteen or nineteen year old Arthur Pryor composed â€Å"Blue Bells of Scotland†, he had only been playing the slide trombone for three to four years.Pryor was given the slide trombone as a payment to a debt and taught himself to play it fairly quickly. Amazingly, Pryor wrote the piece with the knowledge of only a few slide positions and would use false tones and alternate positions for notes in the fifth, sixth, and seventh positions. Despite this, â€Å"Blue Bells of Scotland† is still one of Pryor’s most memorable pieces and is still widely known today. A few years after composing â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland† he arrived in New York by invitation of John Philip Sousa.After arriving to be in Sousa’s new concert band, Pryor was offered by Frank Holton the position of principle chair trombonist. When Holton left the position, Pryor became the featu red soloist of over 10,000 solos as principle trombonist for Sousa’s band. â€Å"Blue Bells of Scotland† serves as a constant reminder of the trombone’s capabilities as a very lyrical instrument and its ability for technical prowess as well. Arthur Pryor inspired interest in the trombone with his virtuoso playing, and â€Å"Bluebells of Scotland† in particular has been a standard of trombone literature for decades and a favorite challenge for advanced players†(Kleiner). The piece will always have a special place in the hearts of all trombonists, both past and future. Works Cited http://www. celticscores. com/sheet-music/628_Blue_Bells_of_Scotland http://bluebellstrilogy. com/blog/2010/05/arthur-pryor-blue-bells-and-trombone/