Quantitative and qualitative measures of real estate investment Essay

Quantitative and subjective proportions of land speculation execution, and their utilization, value and constraints in the re - Essay Example As per Feng, (2010, p, 11), Internal Rate of Return and property based portfolios have likewise been utilized. The quantitative and subjective proportions of land venture execution are valuable, however they have a few confinements, in the land speculation dynamic procedure. This is a direct result of the intricate idea of land speculation. Along these lines, it might be hard to totally assess execution in land speculation. Regarding Albert Einstein’s quote, â€Å"Not everything that can be checked tallies and not everything that tallies can be checked, it is qualified to take note of that there is no exact strategy for execution technique that incorporates all the significant components and forgets about components that don't add to execution estimation. In estimating land speculation execution, land financial specialists and chiefs, just as, examiners use techniques, for example, Simple Pay-Back and Simple Return on Investment (ROI) models (Muldavin, 2010, p, 98). These mod els might be somewhat powerful on the grounds that they consider factors, for example, the measure of return earned or connected with genuine speculation. Be that as it may, Simple Pay-Back and Simple Return on Investment models are basically defective in light of the fact that they neglect to think about income or hazard (Muldavin, 2010, p, 98). ... , these money related models acquire their outcomes, in light of on beginning improvement expenses of land speculations and tasks costs reserve funds (Muldavin, 2010, p, 98). It isn't just the underlying advancement expenses and tasks costs that decide the presentation level of a land venture. There are different factors, for example, chance, in light of market patterns, which are required to impact the presentation of a speculation. These components are forgotten about; thus they don't check all the components that add to genuine speculation execution. In view of this, it would then be able to be reasoned that not everything that tallies can be checked. Another measure that is utilized in the estimation of execution of a land speculation is the monetary model for assessing land ventures, Discounted Cash Flow examination (DCF) (Muldavin, 2010, p, 98). The Discounted Cash Flow investigation tends to monetary ramifications of maintainability. It additionally, encourages the reconciliat ion of quantitative and subjective examination to gauge the reasonable property's budgetary exhibition (Muldavin, 2010, p, 98). Nonetheless, it ought to be noticed that it isn't just money related ramifications of manageability of a genuine speculation that matters, yet in addition different variables that are advertise related, which can't be measured. Hence, not every one of that checks can be tallied. The utilization quantitative and subjective strategies in the estimation of execution of land ventures include the plan of some budgetary suppositions, which are made for property. These money related suppositions relate to execution estimates, for example, lease, inhabitances, and capitalization rates. The money related presumptions are inferred, in view of subjective judgment and examination of the best quantitative and subjective data

Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf

Presentation The local canine is an individual from the Canidae family. This is an organically firm gathering of carnivores and comprises of thirty-eight species (Serpell 10). so far, man has figured out how to completely train the pooch (Canis familiaris) in spite of the fact that he has likewise endeavored to raise the raccoon hound (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the red fox (vulpes) in bondage for their hide (Klinghammer and Goodmann 36). Promoting We will compose a custom research paper test on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The flow paper attempts to show the connection between the cutting edge tamed pooch and the dim wolf utilizing reported proof from morphological, atomic, and DNA examinations. Following the cause of the trained pooch In 1868, Darwin contended that the different tamed assortments of the canine could have begun from a few wild animal categories or from a solitary wild animal varieties. Various creator s fight that the trained canine could have begun from the jackal, the wolf, or other obscure and wiped out species (Serpell 10). Darwin additionally recommended that it would be practically difficult to learn the inception of the tamed canine. Notwithstanding, the consolidated aftereffects of vocalization, morphological conduct and atomic science of the trained pooch currently show that the wolf is the guideline predecessor of the canine (Grandin and Johnson 87). During the 1950s, Konrad Lorenz recommended that specific current types of the canine could have been the relatives of the wolf, while others could have begun from the jackal. In any case, Lorenz before long understood that the jackal had a trademark and entangled wailing collection that is very not quite the same as that of the wolf or pooch. This revelation made Lorenz to repeal his prior view that the household canine could have been a relative of the jackal (Serpell 11). Another fervently challenged thought is the start ing point of the Australia dingo. Atomic and anatomical examinations show that the dingo might be ordered as a non domesticated pooch of antiquated plunge. What's more, these discoveries uncover close likeness between the Australian dingo, the wolf, and the outcast canines in South-east Asia. What are the ‘precursors of the cutting edge tamed pooch? Bones having a place with posers Pleistocene period have been found close by those of early hominida. This affiliation is demonstrative of a covering of the chasing exercises and control of wolves and people. Human trackers may likewise have executed wolves periodically for their skins which they utilized as garments (Serpell 12). Promoting Looking for explore paper on science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once in some time, human trackers would be joined by a live puppy that they wound up eating yet once in a while, such a little guy would get acclimated with the famil y gathering, viably getting subdued. The wolf little guys that ended up being less agreeable with development would without a doubt be driven away or executed. Others that gave indications of accommodation were restrained by people (Savolainen et al 1611). Such restrained wolves are the forerunners of the genuine trained pooch, in spite of the fact that they are numerous ages separated. Some remaining parts of these creatures that were found at late frigid destinations uncover slight morphological contrasts in examination with the remaining parts of wild wolves. Wolf skulls accepted to have a place with the last Ice Age have additionally been recovered at Fairbanks, Alaska. This are believed to be around 10,000 years of age. These wolf skulls are portrayed by abbreviated facial districts and thus, they are believed to be the remaining parts of restrained wolves. This data is bolstered by proof of people having crossed into North America through the Bering Straits around this time. H ypotheses of taming of mutts from wolves Although it is as yet not satisfactory how the genuine training of the Gray Wolf occurred, in any case, various speculations have been proposed on how the taming procedure occurred. One such hypothesis has to do with the stranded wolf-whelps. A few investigations have proposed that people had the option to tame and mingle some wolf little guys that they took while still youthful. One examination has additionally tried to demonstrate that it is conceivable to mingle the grown-up wolves effectively (Koler-Matznick 99). Interestingly, different researchers battle that mingling grown-up wolves can be tedious particularly when puppies are over 21 days old. Numerous researchers are persuaded that the early people received stranded wolf fledglings and afterward continued to nurture them. From that point, the embraced wolves started to raise, basically delivering â€Å"wolf-like† tamed creatures. As more ages of these â€Å"wolf-like† t amed creatures were conceived, they looked somewhat like mutts. Another hypothesis holds that the early wolves were foragers and all things considered, they would frequently be pulled in by the reject that people abandoned at campgrounds. A portion of these wolves demonstrated very effective in their capacity to connect with people and thus, these qualities were given to people in the future. Promoting We will compose a custom research paper test on Evolution of Dogs from the Gray Wolf explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ultimately, there developed an age of wolves that tended to be trained. People chose to keep those pooches that indicated minimal measure of dread and those that showed significant level of socialization. Subsequently, the early pooch created extraordinary characteristics that we would now be able to perceive the cutting edge hound. One of the social attributes of the dim wolf that made it simpler for people to train them is what is known as †Å"flight distance†. Flight separation is a proportion of the degree of closeness that a creature can permit something that it considers hazardous before choosing to flee. On the off chance that a creature has a shorter flight separation, it implies that it isn't frightened by the nearness of people in any event, when taking care of. Such a social attribute may have been passed down to progressive ages of the creatures and after some time it was intensified to the point that the creatures felt agreeable within the sight of people. In a perfect world, wolves are accepted to have isolated into two populaces. The principal bunch was comprised of a pack of trackers while the subsequent gathering was comprised of town arranged foragers. Despite the fact that there are sparse subtleties with regards to how the following stages developed, nonetheless, supporting these two different populaces more likely than not required the nearness of specific weight. DNA proof Prior to the improvem ent of the DNA innovation, researchers held two ways of thinking with respect to the starting point of the tamed canine. The greater part of the scientists expected that the early pooches were the relatives of the subdued wolves and through interbreeding and developing, this had brought about a trained animal types. We additionally have another way of thinking that proposes that the advanced canine is the far off relative of the wolf. A similar way of thinking likewise accepts that the jackal and the coyote could likewise have been far off family members of the cutting edge hound. Notwithstanding, DNA proof presently focuses at the wolf as the sole predecessor of the trained canine. One researcher who has done a great deal of DNA take a shot at the progenitors of the trained pooch is Carles Vila. Through his various examinations, he has investigated different sorts of wolf DNA from somewhere in the range of 27 populaces across North America, Europe and Asia (Vila et al 1687). He has additionally contrasted the aftereffects of his examinations and DNA of exactly 67 types of present day hounds from different pieces of the world.Advertising Searching for look into paper on science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More DNA proof has uncovered the most differing gathering of wolves have comparative successions to the ones found in the most antiquated types of the tamed pooch, including the dingo of Australia. The German Shepherd Dog was appeared to share a nearby similarity to wolf successions, in examination with the groupings of the principle hound gathering (Vila et al 1688). This is an indication that such varieties may have been created by intersection wild wolves with hounds. Determination Over the years, a great deal of research has been completed on the cause of the tamed pooch, with researchers isolated into two schools of through. The first and biggest school of through accepted that pooches could have been the relatives of the dim wolf. Different researchers recommended that the more established trained canine could have been the relative of the red fox, or even the raccoon. In any case, there is presently convincing proof to propose that the early people doubtlessly trained the cutting e dge hound from the dark wolf. This affirmation has been bolstered by atomic, morphological and DNA proof that point at a closer connection between the tamed canine, and the dim wolf, more than the red fox and the raccoon. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that the inceptions of a portion of the morphological contrasts among wolves and canines are as yet not satisfactory, there is have to embrace more DNA examines. Such investigations additionally should be enhanced by a re-assessment of canidae fossil and archeological records with the goal that we can resolve the numerous inquiries in regards to one of man’s old tamed creature. Works Cited Grandin, Temple and Catherine, Johnson. Creatures in interpretation, New York, NY: Scriber, 2005. Print. Klinghammer, Erich and Goodmann, Patricia. â€Å"Chapter 2: Socialization and the board of deceivers. In Frank, Harry. Man and Wolf: Advances, Issues, and Problems in Captive Wolf Research. The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr W. J unk Publishers, 1987. Print. Koler-Matznick, Janice. The starting point of the canine returned to. Anthrozoos, 15.2(2002):98â€118. Print. Savolainen, Peter, Zhang, Jing, Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, and Thomas Leitner. â€Å"Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogsâ€

Is This The Ultimate Keto Diet Hack

Is This The Ultimate Keto Diet Hack Finding ways to lose weight has always been popular, and will always be.Some people do that for the sake of better looks while the others have the change the nutrition due to some health issues.Trends change, sometimes even faster than we can catch up with them.But when certain things prove to be working, people start thinking about how to make it even more effective.That seems to be the case with ketogenic nutrition, as the popularity grows at the speed of light.If you want to find out more about this healthy nourishment and discover is this the ultimate keto diet hack, stay with us.We have prepared an insightful guide for all of you who are just starting with it.KETOGENIC DIET EXPLAINEDDon’t get terrified if this is the first time you have heard of this one. There’s indeed nothing complicated about it.The name itself explains a lot, as during this diet your body produces “ketones”, small fuel molecules.They are an alternative fuels source for our bodies, and the organism us es them when blood sugar (glucose) is on a lower level.This happens when you eat very few carbs and moderate amounts of proteins.Carbs are quickly broken into blood sugar and too many proteins can also be converted into it.Going even deeper in explanations- it’s the liver that uses fat to create ketones.Perhaps you didn’t know, but the hungriest organ in our body is THE BRAIN! It consumes tons of energy a day, without taking a break, and cannot run on fat directly.It actually runs exclusively on glucose or ketones.When one goes on this type of diet, the entire body switches its fuel supply and it begins running mostly on fat, by burning it constantly, all day long, seven days a week.That’s when the insulin level becomes so low that is significantly increases fat burning. It is much easier to access fat stores and burn them off.The most obvious benefit, as you can assume is losing weight, but there are some other as well. You will notice that you are becoming less and less hung ry.That’s because your body has a steady supply of energy, which definitely helps you stay focused and alert.After all, we must take good care of our body and fuel it with the right nutrients to keep it working smoothly.Ketosis is a metabolic state our body enters when producing these molecules.The quickest way to get there is fasting, but no one can do that forever.GOOD news is that there are no limits for being on a ketogenic diet, it can last indefinitely.Generally speaking, this is a safe form of nutrition for the majority of people.However, certain groups should reconsider this and definitely ask for a doctor’s advice if they are interested in starting ketogenic nutrition. Those groups are:People who take high blood pressure or diabetes medicationsBreastfeeding MothersEven though nothing life-threatening can occur, still these are already individuals who are (or should be) on some special diet which is why they need advice from a professional. WHAT TO AND WHAT NOT TO EAT WH EN ON A KETO DIETFor those who are just getting started, it may seem complicated or even difficult to give up certain things you have consumed on a daily basis.But here’s one important TIP to encourage you:IT IS ALL IN OUR HEADS!Even though it may seem impossible the first day, it is actually easier as the days go by.The most important is that you are eager, to give this diet a chance, the rest will come.So, the first thing is to avoid consuming too many carbs, as that’s the best way to reach ketosis.The ideal would be below 20 grams, but for the beginning make sure you maintain the carb intake around 50 grams a day per net carbs. Let’s say the logic goes like “the lower the better”.If you decrease carbs intake, you will not only reach ketosis but lose weight as well and deal with type 2 diabetes, if you happen to have troubles with it.Maths is your very best friend in the initial phase.What does that mean?Until your mind and body accept this change and start applying it w ithout thinking, we recommend you count carbs.Have no worries, it won’t last forever, only until you establish certain habits which are the allowed and which are the forbidden ingredients to consume.When you are on keto, try avoiding those that are full of starch and sugar.Being very high-carbs, you will have to say goodbye to the following:BreadPastaRicePotatoesYeah, we know, it comes as a shock, and certainly makes you think “What the heck am I going to eat, then?”.But, there are many healthier alternatives which you will consume instead.Besides starchy and sugary food, avoid consuming processed food.The food you are going to eat starting from the moment you decide to go on a keto should be high in fat with a moderate level of proteins.As we mentioned, an excessive amount of protein leads to increased blood sugar level, and that’s what we definitely don’t want.When it comes to carbs, always think- the fewer the more effective.If we are to express this maths in percentage , it would go like- 5% energy from carbohydrates, 15-25% from proteins and the rest, 75%, from fat.Once your body starts applying this maths itself, the positive results will inevitably come, just don’t lose the will and be persistent.WHAT TO AND WHAT NOT TO DRINK WHEN ON A KETO DIETThis is where things might get a bit tricky. While with food you haven’t got the feeling that there are too many limitations, things could seem a bit different with drinks.The most perfect among all is â€" water, free of any dangerous ingredients.There are no sweeteners, no artificial flavors, nothing that represents a potential danger.As for the non-alcoholic options, consuming tea or coffee is quite acceptable.Provided that you don’t add sugar of course.Be careful with milk and cream.A certain amount is allowed, as long as you don’t interfere with the daily procedure of maintaining your organism in the ketosis. Pay special attention to café late.Diet sodas are the ones most discussions are led about.These basically sugary beverages taste similar if not the same to its sweet counterparts.Yes, there’s no sugar inside, but you have- aspartame, stevia, and similar alternatives.Those aren’t the luckiest choice either.Actually, the cravings are the main suspect here.The biggest challenge while on keto is how to maintain that craving for sweet tastes.It may be difficult in the beginning, so do not just shock your organism by cutting it completely of the menu, but try decreasing the amount every day a bit.That’s how the organism will switch to the new settings and will accept it easier.If the determination is strong enough, this won’t be something you cannot achieve, just be patient.Those of you who like an occasional glass of wine- you can still have it, as is among keto-friendly drinks. Beer doesn’t fall into the same group, though.However, there are some types which are friendlier than the others, so check the labels to see how many carbs are there in them.That will help you realize whether it’s advisable to drink it or not.In addition to this, pure spirits are also a safe choice.So, if you want, there are no reasons to deny a glass of whiskey or vodka on some special occasions sometimes.The same goes for a dry martini, brandy, tequila shot, “skinny bitch” and champagne.However, alcopops are a no-no, since they are usually very rich in sugar.Nevertheless, do be careful as the level of tolerance of your organism regarding alcohol significantly decreases.What does that mean?You will need a noticeably smaller amount of alcohol to get intoxicated.The most reasonable explanation for this is in the fact the liver is occupied by producing ketones or glucose, therefore it cannot burn alcohol with the same power and strength than before.There are several more things to reconsider when it comes to keto and alcoholic drinks.If you have metabolic syndrome and you started this diet for that reason, alcohol, appears to have a negative effect. It makes it harder to reverse a fatty liver.Excessive amounts of alcohol are definitely a liver toxin.With or without sugar or carbs, alcohol intake definitely reduces ketone production.With all that having said- never drive if you have had some drink.It’s not a wise choice if you are on keto, let alone in general.You don’t know how will your organism react and how much will it take until you fell a bit dizzy.HOW TO BE SURE THAT YOU ARE IN KETOSIS?There are several tell-tale signs that you have made.You may not relate them with ketosis immediately, because they may look like the result of something else. Here are those:1. Dry Mouth and Increased ThirstThis comes as a result of decreased intake of electrolytes (salt for example).Besides these, you may notice that metallic taste in your mouth.A cup or two of bouillon a day will be like a gift from heaven to help you deal with this.2. Frequent UrinationThe main cause of increased thirst is increased urination, quite a natural course of eve nts.3. A Typical Keto BreathIf it appears to resemble nail polish remover or has some “fruity” aroma, it’s also an obvious sign that your body is in the procedure.4. Reduced HungerThe fact that your body has enough stored supplies to use them for a longer period of time certainly results in less frequent meals.Fat is quite a powerful fuel indeed.When people realize that it is actually enough to have just a single meal a day and don’t feel exhausted, they start feeling great.The most common next step is intermittent fasting. Besides speeding up weight loss, money and time will be saved as well.5. Increased EnergyThe first phase is called a “keto flu” and that’s when people feel tired.But after this, a clean energy boost occurs, and some of the signs are clear thinking, the absence of “brain fog” sometimes even a sense of euphoria. ULTIMATE KETONIC DIET HACKSThe hardest part is the beginning, as with many things.Some people have the will but haven’t got the guts to really start with it.Without the intention to sound discriminating, we ourselves are in the same category, because: WE ARE ONLY HUMANS, after all.That’s why we need some sort of quick boost to motivate each one of us to make that initial step.For that reason here are some helpful tips on the subject:1. Choose the right type of keto diet.There are several types, each of them more or less restrictive.The key is choosing the one that will help you make your body establish ketosis the less stressful possible way.We warmly suggest you pick the least strict one, as it will be easier to get used to all the changes.Of course, if the reason you are giving keto a try is some health issue, then let that be your main guide to picking the most appropriate type of diet for you.2. It makes things easier when there are two (or more) of us.People feel more motivated if there’s someone to support them.The same logic applies here.The fact that you try to make such a significant change along with some dear person will instantly make it deem to success.3. Make a good plan and stick to it.The most effective combination which will result in weight loss is combining keto with some other healthy diets.Things are much simpler if a person has no specific problems with certain nutrients.What we aim at here are various intolerances and allergies to food.The plan also includes the situations when you are out and you feel hungry, and when you are on some special occasions.You don’t have to starve and drink nothing, just make sure you are well-prepared in advance.4. Learn to spot hidden carbs.This may come as the most challenging part, as it’s not so obvious and written on every ingredient.That’s why making a list of things to consume and things to avoid will come in handy.Put it on the fridge or someplace where you will spot it easily so that you can refer to it whenever in doubt.You will be glad to know that certain snacks and desserts will remain on the positive list.5. Explore all the foods thoroughly.Here’s one creative side of this diet. It’s not only about some obvious recipes that you can make, but less common as well.Once you learn which ingredients are allowed, you can get down to exploring the combination of different tastes.This means you can experiment with challenging things such as pizza or sweets.The goal is to make something that looks mouth-watering but healthy at the same time.6. The magic of coffee.What we aim at here is that bulletproof coffee, the one that can replace breakfast as well.This one is definitely the queen, as you add MCT oil, butter, Ceylon cinnamon and stevia to it.By adding things such as grass-fed or peanut butter, you can make quite an unusual yet very nutritional coffee which will help you deal with hunger episodes.7. Use supplements but be wise.Generally speaking, it is always better to stick with real food and explore all the possibilities.Some of these can serve as a replacement for a real meal, while the others support endurance during a workout.Whichever is the case, let this be the last hack to opt for.8. Overall wellness as the greatest motivational factor.Always keep in mind what is it that made you start keto in the first place.You can use the same tip as with food.Make a list of benefits and put it on a visible place so that it motivates you often.Furthermore, we shall list all the positive outcomes.Weight loss is the one most people have in mind when going on any diet, but some of them may come as a surprise.THE GREATEST HEALTH BENEFITS WHILE ON A KETO DIETAs we mentioned, there are many different types of nutrition, each of them having numerous positive, and of course several inevitably negative aspects.Compared to some other forms of liberal low-carb diets, this one is significantly more powerful.Here are some of the major cons of going on this diet:1. Lose WeightOnce you turn your body into a fat burning machine the most visible result will be weight loss. The insulin level will notably drop, while the fat will be burnt quicker.It’s much easier for a body to deal with changes and work properly on burning fats when hunger is not an obstacle.As a matter of fact, it is scientifically proven that this one among the most effective methods in dealing with the excessive weight problem.2. Appetite Will Be Under ControlAs we said, the science backs this, as you are definitely less often hungry than before your organism established ketosis.Your body burns fat all day long seven days a week by accessing all the stored energy which accumulated for weeks or months.Intermittent fasting becomes easier as well, and it boosts efforts to reverse type 2 diabetes as well.When fighting with feelings of hunger, people cannot concentrate properly on their mission with a diet, which is why this one is definitely among the most adequate ones.By establishing good control over this process in your body, you will certainly notice that you are less and less hungry, which means you w ill have fewer meals a day.This is where we came to another significant aspect of this type of nutrition- it’s budget-friendly.3. Diabetes Type 2 and Blood Sugar Under ControlHaving in mind that ketogenic nutrition lowers the level of blood sugar, the obvious results are decreased the need for medications and potentially negative impacts of higher insulin levels.It’s not only about dealing with this type, but the effects are so powerful that it can also reverse pre-diabetes as well.4. Health Markers ImprovedGenerally speaking, low-carb nutrition improves a plethora of risk factors which cause heart diseases. Here are some of them we should point out- cholesterol profile (triglycerides), LDL and total cholesterol as well.Besides the established control over blood sugar, you will notice a significant improvement in blood pressure and insulin levels.The improved markers are in close relationship with “metabolic syndrome”.5. Increased Energy and Mental Performance When the organ ism establishes ketosis, the abovementioned performances increase significantly.Our body is fuelled by ketones all the time and for that reason, our brain doesn’t need dietary carbs. It uses an effective and healthier fuel-ketones.The ultimate result is to establish a steady flow of such fuel to the brain and avoid the most common problems that occur when blood sugar swings greatly.Once this process starts working by default, focus and concentration will be on a much better level, with improved mental clarity.6. The Stomach Will Be CalmerSay goodbye to gasses, cramps, and pains, as there will be no more problems of such kind.And what makes this one particularly magical is that you can actually feel this after only a day or two.7. Increased Physical EnduranceOur body has vast amounts of stored energy, the one expressed as fat. Carbohydrates (glycogen) supplies can only last for several hours of intense exercise, while the fat stores may last for weeks.Ketogenic diet makes it possib le for you to reduce the body fat percentage and it can be very beneficial for endurance and competitive sports.8. Effective in Dealing with EpilepsyIt has been used for about a hundred years now for this purpose.The very first positive results were visible on children, but it turned out that the adults have benefited from it as well.Patients with epilepsy who are on keto, once the organism starts working properly, can reduce the anti-epileptic drugs intake without the risks of seizures.When side-effects of drugs are minimized or sometimes eliminated, another positive outcome is increased mental performance.9. Overall Health and Body Condition ImprovementBesides those most prominent ones we focused on, there are several more, that even seem surprising for some people.Those would be reverse PCOS, less acne, decreased number of migraine attacks and reduced heartburns.Moreover, it can help in treating brain cancer and Alzheimer’s as well.There are some experiments for people with Par kinson’s disease and the influences of the ketogenic diet on them.FINAL THOUGHTSAs you can see, positive sides definitely prevail over the negative ones, if there are any after all.The main catch is not to shock your organism by starting with the strictest form of this diet.Once the organism starts functioning in a ketogenic way, so to say, it will be much easier to deal with occasional cravings for sugar and similar.You will definitely be more satisfied with yourself and your big decision to turn over the new leaf and start leading a healthier life.If you want to observe things in longer terms, this diet can also increase longevity.After all, let the food be your friend, not an enemy.It’s a powerful ally if you know how to make it work for you.If this sound too crazy, you can simply see the food as a fuel, and that’s already a fine way of seeing things.With that having said, you would never pour some bad quality fuel in your car, now would you?The same goes for the body.We ho pe you enjoyed our thorough guide on this powerful type of nutrition.Some of the ideas and fact here can be life changing to some of you, and we may call the mission a successful one in that case.Now that you know what is allowed and what should be avoided, what are the ultimate keto diet hacks, and which are the benefits, it’s up to you to give the final verdict.

Walt Disney Yen Financing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1395 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? 1. Should Disney hedge its yen royalty cash flow? Why or why not? If so, how much should be hedged and over what time period? Yes, Walt Disney Company should hedge its royalty cash flow to protect against currency fluctuations. The company has revenues in Yen and does not have expenses in Yen. Thus it would be converting the Yen to Dollar and so is exposed to foreign exchange risk. The value of Yen has declined recently and it is difficult to forecast what the value could be in the future. Also currency speculation should be left to speculators and Disney should not play on the exchange rate. It would be wise to reduce the risk due to changes in exchange rate. The royalty receipts form a significant part of the pre tax income of Disney and any adverse movement would impact the financial position of Disney. The maximum amount and the period should be the Yen royalties that accrue to Disney. At the moment the amount is Yen 8 billion. The royalties are expected to grow for all times in the future and so the hedging should be for the maximum maturity available which is 10 years. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Walt Disney Yen Financing" essay for you Create order At the minimum, Disney may Disney may want to take enough money so as to reduce the debt to capitalization ratio back to 20% which now stands at 32%. The expected yen revenue stream of more than ? 8 billion every year would create 2. Assuming a hedge is desirable what hedging techniques available to the treasurer? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? The various hedging techniques available and the advantages and disadvantages are : 1. Currency Options – In this Disney could buy dollar yen options allowing Disney the right to buy dollars against yen at a predetermine rate or could sell Put options allowing Disney to sell yen for dollars at a predetermined rate. The advantages of options are †¢ It gives the right but not the obligation. If the Option is out of the money it need not be exercised. †¢ Options have an unlimited upside but limited downside so will help Disney benefit from favorable rate movement. †¢ Options can be taken for high amounts using small margin money The disadvantages are †¢ The time period for which options are available is till 2 years only. Beyond 2 years the market is not liquid †¢ Options require payment of upfront premium and so there will be a cash outflow 2. Forward Contracts – In this Disney could take a forward contract through a bank and sell the Yen forward for US Dollars at a rate that is fixed now. The advantages are †¢ Forward contracts can be tailored to the needs and requirements of Disney †¢ Longer term contracts are available and Disney could hedge up to 10 years †¢ The forward contracts can be cancelled and so provide some flexibility in the future years The disadvantages are The rate is locked at the time of contract and so there is so upside benefit †¢ The forward contracts need to be honored at maturity and so Disney has to settle it †¢ As mentioned in the case, the forward contracts would be against the overall exposure to Disney and so would tie up lines of credit †¢ Forward contracts are exposed to default risks of the counterparty 3. Futures – Futu res are standardized contracts which are traded on the exchanges. That is the only difference between forward contracts and futures. Disney could buy or sell contracts on the futures exchange and hedge its exposure. The advantages are : †¢ They are liquid as they are traded on the exchange †¢ Using futures would not tie up the lines of credit with the banks †¢ There is not much default risk as the futures are market to market daily. The disadvantages are †¢ As these are standardized, they cannot be customized to the requirements †¢ Require a margin deposit †¢ The futures contracts are available for shorter periods only 4. Swaps – Disney could swap its exposure in Yen with Dollars so that its inflow is in Dollars and it pays Yen The advantages are †¢ Swaps are off balance sheet financing with only disclosure in notes. Thus the balance sheet looks better †¢ The two parties to Swap could customize the terms to their requirements †¢ Swap enables parties to access capital markets which they may not able to do directly The disadvantages are †¢ High fees to be paid to the intermediaries †¢ It is difficult to get counterparties with a perfect hedge 4. Yen 15 billion 10 year bullet loan The advantages are †¢ The time period would be 10 years †¢ The interest rate would be the Japanese prime rate The disadvantages are †¢ Since it is a bullet loan it does not help in hedging the year on year income †¢ Requires lump sum payment on maturity It is more expensive than the SWAP transaction †¢ Has upfront fees Other hedging methods such as issuing longer maturity Eurodollar note was not feasible because of the Disney’s temporarily high debt ratio. Also, Euroyen bonds are not an option because Disney was not eligible to issue them under Japanese regulations. 3. In light of the various other techniques for hedging currency exposures why the market for currency swap does exists? Who benefits and who looses in such an agreement? Can a swap really create value for a corporation? And if so where does the value come from? What risks does the swap carry for the various parties involved? The market for swap exists since it allows parties to access market which they might not be able to do directly. Also swaps are customizable between parties and so are more flexible. The duration of swaps could be the duration of the exposure. These advantages have led to the creation of the swap market. Swaps also help in broadening the investor base. Companies could raise money in different currencies and then use a swap to get back to their home currency. Swap also helps in lowering the overall cost of borrowing as also enable firms to change their payment stream to either fixed or floating. When the swap is initiated for the first time, it creates value since only if value is created will the parties agree for a swap. The value comes for the differing credit ratings of the firms. In interest rate swaps, two firms come together to swap their interest obligations and each mat find that it is paying a lower rate than before. The risks that the swaps carry is the changes in the market after the swap has taken place. In case of an fixed for floating swap, if the floating rate rise then the firm will have to pay more. Or in the case of currency swap, if the exchange rate movement is adverse, then there could be a loss. There is also a default risk since the agreement is between two parties. The swaps are not liquid and once entered may be difficult to come out of. 4. Evaluate Goldman’s proposal for an ECU bond issue accompanied by an ECU/yen swap. How does its â€Å"all-in† yen cost compare to that of the proposed yen term loan? Is it superior to hedging using outright forwards? (Note: â€Å"all-in† cost generally refers to that discount rate which equates the present discounted value of the future debt service payments with the financing proceeds less front-end fees [i. . the internal rate of return], expressed as an annual rate). The calculations are in the excel file ( we use the IRR function to calculate the internal rate of return. The cash flow details are from the exhibits) . We get the following costs 1. 10 years ECU Eurobond Issue – YTM is 9. 46% 2. SWAP ECU/Yen – YTM is 6. 89% 3. Yen 10 year Loan – YTM is 7. 61% The ECU/Yen swap is the cheapest, t hough it does not include fees, but it may still be the cheapest. In the outright forwards market we find that the Yen is appreciating. This is obviously a better choice since this would mean that Disney would get more dollars. An exercise has been done, where the Yen payments made by Disney are converted to USD at the forward rates. Using the same discounting rate as the cost of Swap, the PV of the Yen payments in USD comes to $69. 27 million. This is higher than the present value of the amount that Disney gets from IBJ which is $58. 23 million. Also the Swap does not cover the entire exposure of Disney in Yen. Therefore if it is possible than outright forward hedge is better than other alternatives

Environmentalism The Rise Of Industrialization As Spread...

In the last century, environmentalism has become an important and highly polarizing topic of social discourse as the rise of industrialization as spread across the world. More and more human beings have become aware of their impact on the environment, yet even this seems to be up for debate. However, those who are concerned with environmental issues like global warming, the depletion of natural resources, and pollution have gained a more clear and organized voice to not only raise awareness, but enact both higher and lower level change. Within these movements, different religious institutions (churches, denominations, temples) have used drawn on their religious narratives to understand what â€Å"creation care† and stewardship truly mean. The†¦show more content†¦To begin to understand the interaction between Judaism and environmentalism, formative narratives from the Torah must be investigated. However, this investigation need not journey passed the first narrative o f the creation story to understand the significant between humanity, creation, and the divine. Genesis 1 describes how God created the heavens and the earth, man and beast and then mandates man to rule over beast and creation (Genesis 1:28). Therefore, from the beginning there seems to be an established hierarchy of man over nature. In a seminal article discussing the connection between ecology and religion, Lynn White (1967) heavily critiqued the traditional interpretation of this mandate of man’s domination over the environment. White saw the connection between religion and the growing ecological as he stated: â€Å"What people do about their ecology depends on what they thing about themselves in relation to things around them. Human ecology is deeply conditioned by beliefs about our nature and destiny-that is, by religion†¦Since the roots of our trouble are so largely religious, the remedy must also be essentially religious†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited in Benstein, 2006, p. 14). Religion, then, is a large part of the problem and historical has not been part of the solution. Although a Christian writer, White states that the

CMTG Network Security Infrastructure Free Essays

Each Kudler Fine Foods location would be protected via higher end firewall recommended for small/medium size businesses with higher security requirements (Cisco, Watchguard, Barracuda). Each Kudler Fine Foods location, regardless of its geographical location, would have hi-speed internet access that would keep it connected to the headquarters location. Each firewall would be configured to provide maximum security for each location as well as Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection between the location and the headquarters. We will write a custom essay sample on CMTG Network Security Infrastructure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Headquarters location would host Main POS Database Server which would be synchronized with all other POS database servers every fifteen to thirty minutes. All of the synchronization would take place via VPN that has 1024bit encryption. Each geographical location would be able to access necessary data and files at the headquarters location via VPN at any time. Depending on the network authentication and network policies, not every person would have access to the same data. Since Kudler Fine Foods employs only two computer support specialists, we would recommend for the email to be hosted off site and be accessed either via Outlook Web Access (web-mail) or POP/SMPT/IMAP protocols with the Microsoft Outlook client. We also recommend that Email SPAM filtering be provided by the Email Host, but Kudler Fine Foods computer support staff should have access to email spam filters and manage them as they see fit best for the organization. Read this  Chapter 2 – Why Security is Needed We would also recommend for the Website to be hosted outside of the Kudler Fine Foods network but would recommend that Website’s database be synchronized with the network database via secure connection. Main reason for suggesting Email and Website services to be hosted off-site is security, downtime and support staff. Each firewall would handle IDS and IDP (intrusion detection and prevention service), as well as web access filtering, attachment filtering, traffic monitoring, virus scanning. Each computer and server would also run virus protection software. Firewall would be setup to shut down and block any suspicious network incoming/outgoing traffic in case of security breach and log it and email notify the computer support specialist (DoS, Hacker attacks, Virus outbreak). Firewall security updates would be done automatically and in the background and would provide security against latest threats. We believe that proposed network security infrastructure for Kudler Fine Foods would be secure, centralized, manageable by the small IT staff, reasonably priced to implement and easily upgradable and expendable in the future. How to cite CMTG Network Security Infrastructure, Papers

Changes in Blood Pressure Classification

Question: Discuss about the Changes in Blood Pressure Classification. Answer: Introduction: Hypertension is the most prevalent disease in Australia. Hypertension mainly occurs due to irregular food habit and unhealthy lifestyle. Hypertension can be classified into different categories based on the level of blood pressure. There are varied complications and different treatment options are associated with each category of hypertension. In this essay case of Amanda and Jim is discussed. Amanda and Jim belong to different grades of hypertension. Hence, different goals should be set and different treatment should be given to Amanda and Jim. Educational plan for control of hypertension in case of Amanda and Jim is also discussed. This educational plan should comprise of education for food, physical exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, psychological and social issues, blood pressure monitoring and medication. Prevalence of hypertension: High blood pressure ( 140/90 mmHg) is the most frequently treated disease in Australia. In Australia, approximately 9 out of 100 patients are hypertensive patients treated at general practitioner. Majority of these patients are with chromic hypertension and only 4.5 % patients are newly diagnosed patients. Prevalence of hypertension is slightly higher in men (34 %) as compared to the women (29 %). 50 % patients of hypertension are generally associated with other heart and cardiovascular complications and approximately 11 % are associated with diabetes. In Australia, it is observed that high blood pressure increases with the age of the person (ABS, 2013). Primary hypertension can be mainly caused due to the smoking, being overweight or obese, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, unhealthy diet comprising of high salt and saturated fat and family history of high blood pressure. Secondary hypertension can be mainly caused due to kidney disease, endocrine disease and narrowing of aorta. Secondary hypertension can also be caused due to steroidal drugs, contraceptive pill and pregnancy (Harrison et al., 2017). Grading system for hypertension: Blood pressure can be graded in three categories like grade 1 (SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99), grade 2 (SBP 160-179 7or DBP 100-109) and grade 3 (SBP 180 or DBP 110). Grade 1 hypertension mainly occurs due to circulatory, vascular or renal response to environmental and genetic stimuli. In grade 1 hypertension, there are structural and functional alterations in heart and arteries of the patient. There can be occurrence of more than one risk factors in grade 1 hypertension patients. There would not be target organ damage in patients with grade 1 hypertension. Amanda may be suffering through grade 1 hypertension. Grade 1 hypertension patients should be assessed to identify early stage cardiovascular marker in the patient and identify specific treatment to attenuate these markers (Trana and Giangb, 2014; Kim et al., 2017). Patients of grade 1 hypertension should be traded with antihypertensive drugs like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or angiotensin II receptor an tagonists. For Amanda also same drug was prescribed. Grade 2 hypertension is considered as the progressive disease. Grade 2 hypertension can occur due to inability of heart and cardiovascular system to control blood pressure. This may occur due to the persistent structural and functional changes in the heart and arteries. Grade 2 hypertension can be associated with the more than two risk factors. If grade 2 hypertension doesnt controlled before certain level it may lead to the target organ damage. This susceptibility of the target organ damage in grade 2 patients should be identified through research studies. This would be helpful to manage the condition effectively and in cost effective manner. Jim might have grade 2 hypertension, because he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In grade 2 hypertensive patients, there is moderate to high rise in blood pressure accompanied by at least two target organ damage. Hence in these patients antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blocker s or beta blockers or calcium channel blockers or renin inhibitors can be used (Varounis et a., 2017; Yoon et al., 2015). Along with antihypertensive drugs, there should be administration of medication for target organ pathology. In patients with hypertension associated with atherosclerosis, there should be administration of statins which lowers levels of cholesterol. For Jim also, Lipitor was prescribed. Moreover, there was clear indication of organ damage in Jim. Patients with grade 3 hypertension are apparently associated with the target organ damage. Patients of this category generally exhibit sustained cardiovascular events irrespective of the level of blood pressure. Aging and association of other risk factors generally exaggerate condition of the grade 3 hypertensive patients and it may lead to the morbidity and mortality. Special emphasis should be given for reducing cardiovascular risk factors in grade 3 hypertensive patients. In patients with grade 3 hypertension, emergency antihypertensive drugs like nitrates should be administered along with the other antihypertensive drugs. In addition, medications for other risk factors should be administered in patients with grade 3 hypertension. Modifiable features of hypertension comprises of smoking, physical activity, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride levels, obesity, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus and psychological stress. Non-modifibale features of hypertension comprises of family history, age, gender and genetic factors (Materson et al., 2014). Nurse should set different goals for Amanda and Jim. Nurse should set goal for Amanda to reduce her blood pressure to SBP 130-149 or DBP 80-89. Nurse should set goal for Jim to reduce his blood pressure to SBP 140-159 7or DBP 90-99. Nurse should set goal for Jim to reduce his cardiovascular complications and manage his type 2 diabetes mellitus condition. Nurse should give special attention for diastolic pressure in case of Jim because there should not be more reduction in diastolic pressure in patients with diabetes. Educational Plan: Food Nurse should educate Amanda and Jim for dietary habit to control hypertension. Nurse should advise them to eat food comprising of fruits, vegetable, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and fish. Nurse should advise them to consume more amount of potassium and fewer amounts of saturated fats. Specifically Jim, should avoid sugar containing products and food containing saturated fatty acids because he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Nurse should prepare diet plan for Amanda and Jim, in consultation with dietician. These products exaggerate blood pressure in hypertension patients. Nurse should advise them to consume not more than 2000 mg per day salt because salt has negative impact on hypertension and its related risks like diabetes and kidney disease (Chen et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2014). Physical exercise Nurse should advise them to keep control on their body weight. Due to increase in body weight, BMI also can increase. Increased BMI is one of the prominent risk factor for the hypertension. Amanda should give special attention to control her body weight because her BMI is 28. BMI in this range indicates, Amanda is overweight. For maintaining optimum body weight both Amanda and Jim should increase their physical activity. Amanda should be very particular about physical activity because she should reduce her body weight. Amanda and Jim should perform approximately 150 minutes aerobic activity per week. Physical activity on the regular basis would be helpful for Amanda and Jim for controlling hypertension, managing stress due to increased blood pressure, reducing risks associated with hypertension and reducing body weight. Nurse should prepare exercise schedule for Amanda and Jim in consultation with exercise physiologist (Lauziere et al., 2013; Zinat Motlagh et al., 2015). Smoking and alcohol consumption Nurse should advise them to avoid alcohol because alcohol can increase blood pressure in normal persons also. Nurse should advise them to avoid smoking because smoking can produce injuries to blood vessels and facilitate hardening of the blood vessels (Lauziere et al., 2013; ; Zinat Motlagh et al., 2015) Psychological education Nurse should advise them to live stress free life. They should practice muscle relaxation and deep breathing for living stress free life. Physical activity and sufficient sleep also would be helpful in reducing stress (Lauziere et al., 2013; ; Zinat Motlagh et al., 2015) Blood pressure monitoring Nurse should teach them to monitor blood pressure at home. She should educate them to check blood pressure prior to and after medications. Nurse should incorporate cardiovascular technologist for teaching them measurement of blood pressure. This would be helpful in assessing effectiveness of medications. Nurse should also advise them to consult doctor immediately, if they observed noteworthy variation in their blood pressure (Lauziere et al., 2013) Social education Both Amanda and Jim should link themselves to the different community healthcare societies. In these societies they can share their experience and gain knowledge about the disease. It would be helpful for them for self management of the disease. It would also be helpful in relieving psychological issues like stress and burden of the disease. They should consult social worker to get link themselves to community healthcare societies (Park et al., 2011). Education about Lipitor and Avapro Nurse should educate Jim for Lipitor consumption. Nurse should advise him to take this drug once daily at the same time every day. Nurse should advise him to take regular blood tests for cholesterol and triglycerides. Nurse should also advise him to take liver function test. Nurse should advise him to inform healthcare provider about Lipitor consumption, if doctor wishes to prescribe him medicines for acute illness. Nurse should inform him that there may be nausea, vomiting and joint pain due to consumption of this medication. Nurse should tell him that, he should report muscle pain, weakness, fever, swelling and change in color of urine during consumption of Lipitor (Barber et al., 2012). Nurse should educate Amanda that she should not consume Avapro, if she has diabetes. Nurse should tell her that she should not use Avapro, if she is dehydrated. Nurse should inform her that she should monitor blood pressure on regular basis during consumption of Avapro. If she didnt find improvemen t in blood pressure, she should consult doctor. She should not stop taking Avapro, even if she found improvement in her blood pressure. She should keep Avapro away from heat and light. Nurse should tell her that she should stop alcohol and potassium supplements while taking Avapro. Both Amanda and Jim should consult pharmacist to get more information about their respective drugs (Barber et al., 2012). Conclusion: In Australia, highest number of treatments at general practitioners is for hypertension. Male are more affected with hypertension as compared to the female. There are different treatment options are available for different grades of hypertension. Along with medications use change in food habit and lifestyle should be incorporated in the management of hypertension. Amanda and Jim are having different grade of hypertension. There should be different goals and education plan for Amanda and Jim in hypertension management. With effective implementation of medical, social, psychological and physical interventions, hypertension in Amanda and Jim can be effectively controlled. References: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2013). Hypertension. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/322DB1B539ACCC6CCA257B39000F316C?opendocument. On 17.04.2017. Barber, P., Parkes, J., and Blundell, D. (2012). Further Essentials of Pharmacology for Nurses. McGraw-Hill Education. Chen, Y., Hu, S., Li, Y., Yan, B., Shen, G., and Wang, L. (2014). Systematic review of hypertension clinical practice guidelines based on the burden of disease: a global perspective. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 7(1), 52-9. Kim, S., Lewis, J.R., Baur, L.A., Macaskill, P., and Craig, J.C. (2017). Obesity and hypertension in Australian young people: results from the Australian Health Survey 2011-2012. Internal Medicine Journal, 47(2), 162-169. Khan, M.S., Bawany, F.I., Mirza, A., Hussain, M., Khan, A., and Lashari MN. (2014). Frequency and predictors of non-compliance to dietary recommendations among hypertensive patients. Journal of Community Health, 39(4), 732-6. Lauziere, T. A., Chevarie, N., Poirier, M., Utzschneider, A., Belanger, M. (2013). Effects of an Interdisciplinary Education Program on Hypertension: A Pilot Study. Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 23(2), 12-19. Materson, B.J. (2014). Diagnostic evaluation: Classification of hypertension. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 8(9), 680-1. Park, Y., Song, M., Cho, B., Lim, J., Song, W., Kim, S. (2011). The effects of an integrated health education and exercise program in community-dwelling older adults with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 82(1), 133-137. Trana, T.M. and Giangb, N.M. (2014). Changes in blood pressure classification, blood pressure goals and pharmacological treatment of essential hypertension in medical guidelines from 2003 to 2013. IJC Metabolic Endocrine, 2, 110. Varounis, C., Katsi, V., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Lekakis, J., and Tousoulis, D. (2017). Cardiovascular Hypertensive Crisis: Recent Evidence and Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 3(51), doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00051. Yoon, S.S., Gu, Q., Nwankwo, T., Wright, J.D., Hong, Y., and Burt, V. (2015). Trends in blood pressure among adults with hypertension: United States, 2003 to 2012. Hypertension, 65(1), 54-61. Zinat Motlagh, S.F., Chaman, R., Ghafari, S.R., et al., (2015). Knowledge, Treatment, Control, and Risk Factors for Hypertension among Adults in Southern Iran. International Journal of Hypertension, 897070, doi: 10.1155/2015/897070.

Digital versus Traditional media in advertising

Table of Contents Introduction Body The shift from print to online media Analogue to digital television Digital interactive media Conclusion References Introduction A radical change in the media industry is totally transforming the whole meaning of advertising. In light of this, advertising has grown from a mere sub-industry to a very critical sector in the business world. Changes in technology have drastically transformed the manner in which operations are conducted in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital versus Traditional media in advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This new wave of change has seen a rapid growth in the digital media as a way of advertising. The digital interactive forms of advertising have been availed at the very appropriate time considering the amazing rate at which globalization is affecting business operations across the world (Langdon, 1996). This essay is an a ttempt to explore into this field and see how the digital interactive media is transforming the whole concept of advertising. It seeks to delve into the commonalities and the differences that characterize the traditional forms of advertising and the digital interactive forms of advertising. This essay will therefore delve into these issues while paying greater attention to the manner in which the whole aspect of advertising is changing. Body Firstly, the traditional forms of advertising that dominated much of the last few decades include television, print and radio. These forms of advertising are considered traditional in the sense that newer methods of advertising have actually come up rendering them close to being obsolete. But really, can the digital forms totally take over the process of advertising without back up from the traditional forms? Well, that is subject to a whole range of debates. Nevertheless, it must be stated from the onset that the traditional forms of advertisin g cannot in any way be relegated into the dustbin of history as they really supplement the digital media advertising. The digital media technology has availed many options in the field of advertising that had not been seen before. Today, more than merely watching an advert on the television, one can download the information they have watched and even store it for future use. It is in light of these varieties that one feels the urge to dissect the whole concept of advertisement to see the realities that have characterized the field and recommend options to anyone seeking to launch any advertisement in the market.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Any advertisement should be designed taking in mind that consumers are inundated with a flood of information at their disposal. The modern digital forms of advertising have therefore an upper hand in this aspect compared to the traditional met hods which may not reach many people as expected (Langdon, 1995). The shift from print to online media Secondly, the world has continued to become much global as time progresses. This has seen multinational companies establish branches all across the world. The goods and services produced are therefore targeted for not only the local markets but for the whole world. This has created the need for advertisement forms that reflect of the diversity of the world and can reach all corners of the world where the goods are supposed to be utilized. The print media industry has for a long time been dominated by the newspapers as the major forms of advertising. Newspapers, however, have the disadvantage that they cannot be supplied across the whole world. A paper published in New York for instance may not be circulated past the United States. They are therefore limited by reach. However, with the advent of the internet and the radical shift that characterizes the whole sub-sector, most of thes e materials can now be accessed online by the consumers. Mobile phone technology is currently extensively used as an advertising media. The number of people reached in this case is very large considering that majority of people own cell phones. Major newspapers have today introduced online versions where readers can access all the information at the comfort of their mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). It is a common trend today for most people in the developed world to read their newspapers online other than buy the hard copies on the streets. The printed papers may therefore go out of market in a few years if the rapid adoption of technology across the world is anything to go by. It is interesting to note that the world’s population is mainly dominated by young people who are below 25. It is this same young population that extensively uses the internet. This is a clear indication in the great potential that lies in the field of online advertising.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Digital versus Traditional media in advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Newspapers, however, still continue to enjoy a large readership especially among the educated and in the developing world where internet is still expensive. Research shows that educational levels are a great determinant of the readership of newspapers. People who have spent much time in school tend to read newspapers more than those who have not. It is normally quite hard to change people’s behavior patterns and this has the implication of limiting advertisers on the amount of population they would wish to reach. Magazines are very popular all over the world and have become a very rich ground for reaching many consumers. They also have the advantage of reaching specific groups of people in the community. For instance, beauty magazines mostly target young women and could therefore effectively convey adver ts relating to such women. Like in newspapers, magazines have also managed to create an online presence and most of the popular magazines are presently read online in addition to the conventional printed versions. However, the online media in the case of magazines has not gained much root as in newspapers. Many people still prefer to buy their magazines in the streets and shopping outlets as opposed to reading them online. This provides a suitable ground where the advertisers can harness many opportunities (Australian Interactive Media Industry Association, 2009). Analogue to digital television Thirdly, a radical change has been seen the world of television where operations have totally been transformed. Television has been use for decades as method of advertisement. Much of that use began in the later part of the 1950s when television sets were available in entirely the whole world. Televisions sets have for a long time been in the analogue form that availed viewer with various opt ions such as the free to air TV cable TV and pay-tv. Currently a shift is occurring from the analogue to the digital television, which has come with various modifications to the interest of the viewers.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The digital form enables the viewers to access many channels and interact more. This allows people to control their viewing and hence the advertisements they get. Advertisers have seen a great opportunities in the digital television that were hitherto unavailable in the analogue. It is estimated that by 2014, 80% of television viewers in the world will be using the digital television sets (PRC,2006). This can provide a glimpse on the amount of information that will be conveyed to the people in the form of advertisements. Radio as a form of advertising is not left behind in light of the new changes that characterize the advertising industry. Even though the digital radio is still limited to only metropolitan areas in the world, it is forecasted that by 2014 it will be within reach to over half of the population in the world. Digital radio like digital television, offers interactive capabilities to the listeners. It is not just audio as in the analogue case as it combines visual abili ties to provide the listeners with additional features such as graphics, animation and slide shows. Digital radio will therefore be used to offer better advertising services to the listeners. Presently, however, the analogue radio will continue to reign supreme in advertisements. It can be seen that both the traditional and the digital forms of advertisements are actually merged up. They continue to operate as a unit by supplementing each other (Commercial Radio Australia 2009). The dissatisfaction realized from television advertising comes from the fact that at any given time, the advertiser is not sure about who is actually watching. It therefore heavily relies on a matter of chance such that if the advertiser is lucky, then the intended target will be watching. Otherwise the whole advert becomes useless. Another problem also arises out of the fact that the interests of people who watch television are not usually the same. A discomfort therefore arises when an advert that only fav ours a particular category of people comes up. Advertisements by television costs more than the interactive forms of advertising. Their use is therefore becoming more and more limited to specific products. Digital interactive media Digital interactive media is used to refer to the modern digital systems that are computer based that offer various options to the users. Such options include animation facilities, audio-visual, text and graphics (Lane, W R, King, KW Russell, JT 2005). The advertising industry has greatly benefited from the introduction of new media in the market. Large companies are currently managing multi-billion dollar projects in this field. The digital interactive media has totally revolutionized the whole process of advertising (Digital Radio Plus 2010). Advertising companies now do more than mere advertising. They have become media companies as well. The revenue these companies receive today is much higher in comparison to the earlier days when they depended on t he traditional media. The modern media, in addition to advertising, offers the consumers links through which they can purchase the products being advertised using e-commerce (The Pew Research Center for the People the Press 2006). By simply clicking a mouse, one can receive supplier at their doorstep courtesy of the new media. This revolution enables people to interact and relate to each other more and more. Such interaction further increases the number of transactions conducted between the people. That is of much concern to the advertisers who intend to increase the sale turnover. While it can be well argued that advertisements by television have continued to increase in the recent past, the impact is not substantially felt. Television channels have become so many and people can easily shift from one to another. This implies that the image of the products advertised on the various channels is not left in the minds of the viewers (Langdon, J 1995). They forget entirely everything. That is what creates the need for interactive media. Here, one can click a link on the screen to get more information about the product being advertised. Attention is therefore drawn on the particular product after which the user may opt to purchase it. The use of digital advertising is no longer experimental like it was few years ago. It is gaining root full blast. All the changes seen are actually necessitated by the fact that the consumers demands are changing. People today want mobile things, immediate and with the ability to control what they consume from the media. As such, it becomes impossible to offer such people the adverts in the traditional methods that will require one to be glued to their television sets or radio. Gone are the days when families would sit in their living rooms in the evenings with all eyes glued to the television. The manner in which broadband advertising presents itself is very compelling to the viewers. The adverts are strategically placed on the ver y sites where people frequent to obtain information. That is when the ad pops up. One is tempted to click on the link to reveal the information, which in many cases will be in the form of motion pictures and videos. Moreover, many advertisers today have the practice of offering interactive media in cases where other media is used. For instance, when reading magazines an advert will show you the specific website of the producer where you can obtain more information about the product. The same is normally seen in television where the adverts will encourage the viewers to log into the websites given on the screen to find more information about the products. Today, many advertisers have capitalized on the great use of the social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace. Thorough these sites, they can easily reach millions of consumers that frequent them. They also take advantage of the fact that majority of the people who use the sites are young. It is therefore common to see adverts about products used by young people frequently popping up on the screens when one is logged in (Langdon, J 1996). Several multinationals have heavily invested on the interactive advertising methods and are gradually shunning the traditional ways. The giant consumable goods manufacturer Proctor Gamble has indeed been ahead in adopting broad broadband adverts for its products that are available all over the world. The company has realized that young people shun traditional adverts and is therefore investing heavily in online ads to reach millions of youth across the globe. An average person in America is bombarded with so many advertisements in a single day. This flood of information ranges from billboards to adverts in subway trains. The avalanche of such information may not therefore have any lasting impression on the minds of the population. As such, better ways have to be sought to create adverts that may leave a lasting image on the mind s of the people and compel them to buy the products. That is where the interactive media comes in handy. It is therefore impressive to note that many advertisers have adopted this option. Even though the internet still accounts for only a small percentage of the total adverts in the world, many companies are beginning to join the bandwagon. It has bee realized that the internet may not be very efficient in the case of a new product that is still trying to build a brand name. Nevertheless, it can widely be used for entirely all products that are used in the world. Studies have further indicated that the next 5 years will see tremendous changes in the advertising industry, more than what has been realized in the last 50 years. This is courtesy of the better forms of advertising, increasingly educated, empowed consumers, and better advertisers who manage the whole scene quite well. The popularity of the digital media is not only gaining predominance out of its superior quality but as well as the lower costs associated with it (Australian Government, 2011). Every supplier in the market wants to minimize the costs involved in the operations.IBM for instance has managed to reduce its expenses on advertisement by 20 percent in the last four years (Russel,2005 and Pew Research Center 2010). This is because of the tireless effort by the company to invest heavily in the digital media advertisement. A survey of 1500 consumers and 50 advertising experts reveals very interesting outcomes about the manner in which the advertising industry behaves (Journalism.org,2010). Certain market drivers that determine the success of all the adverts that are posted in the market govern the industry. One such driver is the consumer choice and control. The report indicated that consumers mostly prefer advertisement media that give them the ability to control and manage whatever they view or hear (Magazines.org, 2010). As a result, it implies that they actually prefer the digital methods that offer them such abilities. Another det erminant in the market is creativity. It should be remembered that the advertisement industry is very dynamic and it therefore demands only those who can come up with better and improved ideas every day. It does not give room for those boring daily adverts that were often heard on radio and seen on televisions sets a few years ago. Conclusion The digital interactive forms of advertisement that are cropping up currently are actually the sure way of staying competitive in the increasingly competitive market that is characterized by globalization and other market changes seen across the world. The digital forms are certainly better in terms of giving the customers variety and giving the advertisers an opportunity to track the response of the market to the goods being advertised. However, the traditional forms continue to supplement these new methods. They go hand in hand in giving the consumer the best they can have. It is therefore important that both the forms be adopted for the succ ess of any business. References Australian Government n.d., Popular Australian television, Culture Portal. Web. Australian Interactive Media Industry Association (AIMIA) 2009, ‘Digital Services Index TM’. Web. Commercial Radio Australia 2009, ‘FAQs’. Web. Digital Radio Plus 2010. Web. Journalism.Org 2010, How internet and cell phone users have turned news into a social experience, PEW Research Center. Web. Lane, W R, King, KW Russell, JT 2005, Advertising procedure, 16th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Langdon, J 1996, ‘The history of radio in Australia: excerpts from a lecture given by Dr Jeff Langdon’, Radio 5UV. Web. Langdon, J 1995, ‘A history of community broadcasting,’ Radio Adelaide. Web. Magazines.org, ‘What you need, when you need it’. Web. Pew Research Center 2010, State of the news media 2010, Pew Research Center Publications. Web. The Pew Research Center for the People the Press 2006, Online papers modest ly boost newspaper readership, PEW survey reports. Web. This essay on Digital versus Traditional media in advertising was written and submitted by user Brody L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004

The Sumatra Earthquake of December 26, 2004 A minute before 8 oclock in the morning local time, a colossal earthquake began to shake the northern part of Sumatra and the Andaman Sea to its north. Seven minutes later a stretch of the Indonesian subduction zone 1200 kilometers long had slipped by an average distance of 15 meters. The moment magnitude of the event was eventually estimated as 9.3, making it one of the largest recorded earthquakes since seismographs were invented around 1900. The shaking was felt throughout southeastern Asia and caused devastation in northern Sumatra and in the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. The local intensity reached IX on the 12-point Mercalli scale in the Sumatran capital of Banda Aceh, a level that causes universal damage and widespread collapse of structures. Though the intensity of shaking did not reach the maximum on the scale, the motion lasted for several minutes- the duration of shaking is the main difference between magnitude 8 and 9 events. A large tsunami triggered by the earthquake spread outward from off the Sumatran coast. The worst part of it washed away whole cities in Indonesia, but every country on the shore of the Indian Ocean was also affected. In Indonesia, some 240,000 people died from the quake and tsunami combined. About 47,000 more people died, from Thailand to Tanzania, when the tsunami struck without warning during the next few hours. This earthquake was the first magnitude-9 event to be recorded by the Global Seismographic Network (GSN), a worldwide set of 137 top-grade instruments. The nearest GSN station, in Sri Lanka, recorded 9.2 cm of vertical motion without distortion. Compare this to 1964, when the machines of the World Wide Standardized Seismic Network were knocked off scale for hours by the March 27 Alaskan quake. The Sumatra earthquake proves that the GSN network is robust and sensitive enough to use for expanded tsunami detection and warnings if the right resources can be spent on supporting instrumentation and facilities. The GSN data includes some eye-popping facts. At every spot on Earth, the ground was raised and lowered at least a full centimeter by the seismic waves from Sumatra. The Rayleigh surface waves traveled around the planet several times before dissipating. Seismic energy was released at such long wavelengths that they were a substantial fraction of the Earths circumference. Their interference patterns formed standing waves, like the rhythmic oscillations in a large soap bubble. In effect, the Sumatra earthquake made the Earth ring with these free oscillations like a hammer rings a bell. The notes of the bell, or normal vibrational modes, are at extremely low frequencies: the two strongest modes have periods of about 35.5 and 54 minutes. These oscillations died out within a few weeks. Another mode, the so-called breathing mode, consists of the whole Earth rising and falling at once with a period of 20.5 minutes. This pulse was detectable for several months afterward. (A startling paper by Cinna Lomnitz and Sara Nilsen-Hopseth suggests that the tsunami was actually powered by these normal modes.) IRIS, the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, has compiled scientific results from the Sumatra earthquake on a special page with plenty of background  information. The U.S. Geological Survey also offers a number of beginner and non-technical resources about the quake. At the time, commentators from the scientific community decried the absence of a tsunami warning system in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, 40 years after the Pacifics system began. That was a scandal. But a greater scandal was the fact that so many people, including thousands of supposedly well-educated first-world citizens who were there on vacation, just stood there and died as the clear signs of disaster arose before their eyes. That was a failure of education. A video about the 1998 New Guinea tsunami- was all it took to save the lives of a whole village in Vanuatu in 1999. Just a video! If each school in Sri Lanka, each mosque in Sumatra, each TV station in Thailand had shown such a video once in a while, what would the story have been instead that day?

The practices of Human Resource Management in the organization Research Paper

The practices of Human Resource Management in the organization - Research Paper Example Methods of study For this study, the HR department was explored in detail in terms of understanding its core activities, practices and its position in overall organizational setup. This was done through personal interviews conducted with HR personnel as well as managers in other departments like finance, technology, operations and facilities. These questions were aimed at understanding the goals and objectives of HR team and their relationship with organizational objectives. In a top-down approach the general information related to HR function was gathered in a manner that paved way to put forth questions to assess the effectiveness of these practices as well as the HR function. Interviews: Face-to-face interviews were conducted with managers from core departments within the organization, which included the HR, technology, operations, facilities and finance teams. These interviews were semi-structured to allow further inquiry based on the responses from managers, which was extremely helpful to obtain individual insight and experiences related to contribution and involvement of HR personnel Questionnaire: Based on the responses from the interviews, a small questionnaire was prepared to assess the effectiveness of HR practices and their impact on overall employee wellbeing and progress. The questionnaires were graded on Likert scale, in which respondents graded their experience on a scale from 1 to 5. The responses to these questions will help in eliciting objective as well as subjective information that will highlight overall performance and effectiveness of HR function. 3. Findings: Findings from both interviews and questionnaires were interpreted in terms of basic HR functions. i). Acquisition: Interview with the HR manager highlighted the role of HR in... From this research it is clear that the human resource management plays a significant role in sustaining organizational performance through acquisition, motivation, maintenance and development of human resources of the organization. These goals are accomplished through specific policies, procedures and practices framed by the HR function. In order to successfully accomplish these goals, the HR function has to be actively involved in strategic planning processes with all other departments, as well as oversee implementation of these policies and procedures. For this, it is important that HR personnel work closely with other departments/functions at the ground level in order to assess the effectiveness of HR-related strategies and identify the issues and gaps. Based on the study conducted in the IT firm explained in present context, HR department plays similar role at strategic level; however, its involvement has to be intensified at implementation level by partnering with each departme nt. The HR department’s role has to be extended from strategic planning level to implementation process in order to accomplish organizational goals with respect to human resources, such as improved employee motivation, commitment, morale and continuous learning and developmental opportunities. Though the HR is already involved in accomplishing these goals, its practices have to be modified to achieve better and long-lasting outcomes related to these goals.

Senior Paper on Building an Hacintosh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Senior Paper on Building an Hacintosh - Essay Example The reason as to why this question is important is because there are several OS that people and companies have come up with, and which can be used interchangeably to ensure that the machines are compatible and can work effectively. The aim of the study will be to give information on the different reasons as to why different people and institutions use different OS instead of using the common OS from Apple. Before conducting the research, I knew that there existed several OS that have been hacked and most of them if not all are being used today. What I want to discover after the study is the reasons as to why people consider using the OS that have been hacked instead of using the OS from Apple that is considered real and proper. One of the reasons why people use different OS is because of the security that they find in using one type of the Operating System. People have a belief that the operating system they chose to use has a big probability of providing protection and security to t he files which have been stored in the computer (Chaubal 117). They believe a certain Operating System can be able to protect information that has been put in place by the users and thus view it as advantage of using the Operating System instead of the others which have been built to serve the same purpose. The government for example have their computers and machines used by several users, and have they may opt to use an Operating System that is not the same as that which an individual user may use. This is because the many different users who use the government facilities machines may tamper with the information that another person may have saved in the machine. There are systems which have been developed, and they cannot detect some of the viruses that come along with the surfing process. Therefore, people are coming up with various ways in which they are able to built operating systems that have trusted computing base that has software which provide security to the machines (Jaeg er 6). The Trusted Computing Base in the operating system depends on its level, which can either be formally verified, tested fully or which the community accepts and trusts to be effective. There are people who use the formally verified system because they believe that they can be able to protect their data which is stored in the computers (Franklin and Coustan 1). Each security problem should be accessed by the process which is allowed to do so. It means that the operating system is able to perform each of the functions needed to ensure that the problems occurring in any of the machines used can be well accessed and solved using the proper operating system (Spring 3). Some people view operating systems to have different capabilities of solving problems and thus this is the reason as to why they use different operating systems. Another reason as to why people choose one operating system over the other is the cost incurred in purchasing and installing the system into the computer. P eople and companies use the operating systems that reduce on the total cost incurred in using that specific operating system. Those people and companies who have fewer resources look for cheaper operating systems. Other institutions which have resources and lots of money such as government institutions will not mind giving in extra costs to get and purchase a fancy operating system (Bekman 1). Some of the

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND HIV CO-INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN ZARIA, NORTHERN NIGERIA ABSTRACT Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition have been linked to Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic pregnant women and their HIV status in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study, using a proforma to obtain demographic and reproductive health information from consenting pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Vaginal swab and blood samples was taken and analysed for Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS V17 with p value of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%.There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). The 26- 30 years age group had the highest prevalence of both HIV infection (5.0%) and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (5.8%); strongly suggesting the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. The relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection was 4. (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). Conclusion: Improvement of the socioeconomic status and education of women especially sexual health; will reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co-infection. Keywords: Pregnancy, Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV infection INTRODUCTION Trichomonas vaginalis has continued to cause serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition1 The magnitude of social and economic consequences of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries has made it a major public health problem. 2, 3 STIs are also found in pregnant women and the prevalence is higher in Africa causing significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. 3-5 Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular flagellate protozoan organisms that cause STI.6 Many STIs including those due to Trichomonas, can be transmitted to the fetus via transplacental spread or by passage through the birth canal and via lactation to the neonate. 6 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and other Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) have been associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes which includes abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight, postpartum sepsis, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal blindness congenital infection. 2-5, 7 Recent research has shown that having one untreated STI increases the risk of contracting another potentially more dangerous one, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection if there is exposure. 8, 9Trichomoniasis in pregnancy has been reported to impacts adversely on birth outcomes and is also a co-factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. 10, 11 Clinical infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in the neonate is an unusual occurrence and has been reported in a two weeks old girl child presenting with vaginal discharge with complete resolution to metronidazole treatment.12 Due to high frequency of the infection during pregnancy and the development of metronidazole-resistant isolates, therapeutic alternatives to 5-nitroimidazole are being searched like Triterpenes; which are natural products presenting several biological activities such as anti-protozoal activity.13 The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infections are typically underestimated due to poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests.6 However, the World Health Organization (WHO) quoted the overall prevalence as 3.1%.6, 14 In Nigeria the prevalence observed in an Enugu study was 6.9%; 15 4.7% was seen in Ilorin16 and 29.8% in Lagos.17 In the sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Trichomoniasis has neither been the focus of intensive study nor of active control programs, and this neglect is likely a function of the relatively mild nature of the disease. 18 This study explored the rate of Trichomonas infection in pregnancy as well as the level of co-infection with HIV with a view to adding to the growing body of literature and suggests control measures. METHODOLOGY This was a cross sectional study which was conducted over a three month period. Questionnaires were used to obtain the socio-demographic and reproductive profile from consenting clients who were attending antenatal clinic for the first time in their current pregnancy at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northern Nigeria. High vaginal swabs and blood specimens for both Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV were obtained and analysed. The data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 17.0 for windows. The level of significance was considered to be p-value Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection was determined using the Epi-Info software. RESULTS A total of 120 women consented for the study. The socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the patients are as shown in Table 1.0. The mean age was 28.5 + 2.3years, mean gravidity was 3.5 and 20 weeks was the average gestational age at booking. The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%. The 26-30 years age groups having a value of 5.8% which was closely followed by age group 21-25years with 5.0%. The lowest prevalence was found at age group 36-40years. Low level of education is shown to have a positive impact on the acquisition of vaginal Trichomonas vaginalis. Clients having low level of education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis; 7.5% was seen in those with Koranic (non-formal) education. The prevalence was however lowest in those who had tertiary education 1.7%.- The highest prevalence was seen in clients who were housewives (10.5%); students and civil servants had the lowest prevalence of 1.7% and 2.5% respectively. Mutigravidae are more likely than primigravidae to have Trichomonas vaginalis infection (15.0% vs. 4.1%). The prevalence was observed to be highest in the second trimester (10.8%) as compared to the first and third trimester which were 5.0% and 3.3% respectively. The frequency distribution of HIV status in the study population among the consenting client is shown in Table 2.0. Sixteen out of 98 were positive for HIV giving a prevalence of 16.3%. Figure 1.0 shows the percentage distribution of HIV by client’s age group. It was observed that HIV was more prevalent in age group 26-30years (5.0%) and was least prevalent in the older age group of 36-40years (0.8%). The relationship between the occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection is shown in a two by two table (Table 2.0). DISCUSSION The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis found in this study was 19.2%. The World Health Organization quoted a prevalence of between 3.0- 3.1%6, 14, 19, but added that there was under reporting of the infection. Prevalence rates as high as 29.8% was found in Lagos, Nigeria 17 16.0% was seen in Mwanza, Tanzania20 and a lower rate of 4.7% and 6.9% were found in Ilorin, Nigeria 16 and Enugu, Nigeria15 respectively. A prevalence of 3.7% was seen in a study in Togo.21 Our result compares with that of Tanzania. In the age related prevalence, the study showed a steady increase in prevalence between ages of 16 to 30years, with the highest rate of 5.8% occurring in the age group 26-30years. This may suggest an increasing sexual activities along the age line considering the fact that Trichomonas vaginalis is sexually transmitted. This can also probably explain the decline in prevalence in the older age group with lowest rate of 0.8% at age group 35-40years. There is however a slight variation with the Enugu study which found the highest age related prevalence of 3.7% among the age group 20-25years. There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). This was consistent with findings in Enugu and Ilorin where low level of education was associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Formal education is associated with improvement in personal hygiene and sexual behavior. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was highest among housewives and least among students; this was unlike the Enugu study that found the highest prevalence to be among the business group. The sociocultural backgrounds of the two environment relatively differs and the lack formal education among housewives in our environment can be a predisposing factor to the acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. There appears to be a relationship between parity, trimester of pregnancy and infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Previous pregnancies was recorded in the literature to be a risk factor.10 This study showed a higher prevalence rate among the multigravidae as compared to primigravidae. The prevalence was highest in the second trimester of pregnancy as compared to other trimesters. This findings was similar that of Cotch et al4 in their study of vaginal infections and prematurity; where Trichomonas vaginalis infection was commonest in mid gestation. The mean age at booking was 20 weeks showing that most women were seen in the second trimester when Trichomonas vaginalis infection was more likely to be present. The prevalence of HIV infection in this study was 16.8% which was higher than the national average of 3.4% and Kaduna state average of 9.2%. 22 This may be explained by the fact that most of the clients were in their reproductive years and the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria was a major referral center for the Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Northern Nigeria. Both HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis infection were highest in the age group 26-30 years; this was strongly suggestive of the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. There was a four times relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Routine screening for STIs like Trichomonas vaginalis during antenatal period should be the standard of care because of its proven benefits on the outcome of pregnancy. Metronidazole which is the treatment option when found, is a cheap, readily available and safe in pregnancy. Additionally, screening for HIV co-infection will add value to healthcare services in the antenatal clinic. Improvement of the socioeconomic status and formal education in women especially sexual health and lifestyle modification is likely to reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co infection. REFERENCE: Coleman JS, Gaydos CA, Witter F. Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice: New Concepts and Controversies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Jan 2013; 68(1): 43–50. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d Begum A, Nilufar S, Akther K, Rahman A, Khatun F, Rahman M. Prevalence of selected reproductive tract infections among pregnant women attending an urban maternal and childcare unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003; 21: 112-6. Muelen J, Mgaya HN, Chang-Claude J, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection in gynaecological inpatients in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1988-1990. East Afr Med J 1992; 69: 688-92. 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